二里头夏都遗址博物馆，河南，中国

同济大学建筑设计研究院（集团）有限公司若本建筑工作室 | 李立

项目业主：洛阳市文物局

主创建筑师：李立

建筑设计：王文胜，高山，周峻，郝竞，叶雯，孔维薇，梁阳，刘畅

结构设计：刘浩晋，张涛，丁亚茹，陈绍琳，胡晓莹

机电设计：程青，冯玮，曾刚，程贵华，姚赛，陆扬

室内设计：郝竞，张溯之，张塨，冷先强，谢越

景观团队：刘畅，徐大威

夯土专项设计：穆钧，周铁钢，蒋蔚，梁增飞，崔大鹏，邢勇，周健，高志鹏，杨飞

幕墙设计：牟迎光

遗址公园规划：刘文佳，冯珊珊，张婉舒，胡海宁

游客中心设计：何侃轩，孔维薇，黎彦希

驻场建筑师：郝竞

施工单位：河南国安建设集团有限公司

基地面积：148,732m2

Client: Luoyang Cultural Relics Bureau

Leading Architect: LI Li

Architecture Design: WANG Wensheng,GAO Shan,ZHOU Jun,HAO Jing,YE Wen,KONG Weiwei,LIANG Yang,LIU Chang

Structure Design: LIU Haojin,ZHANG Tao,DING Yaru,CHEN Shaolin,HU Xiaoying

Engineering Design: CHENG Qing,FENG Wei,ZENG Gang,CHENG Guihua,YAO Sai,LU Yang

Interior Design: HAO Jing,ZHANG Suzhi,ZHANG Gong,LENG Xianqiang,XIE Yue

Landscape Design: LIU Chang,XU Dawei

Rammed Earth Consultant: MU Jun,ZHOU Tiegang,JIANG Wei,LIANG Zengfei,CUI Dapeng,XING Yong,ZHOU Jian,GAO Zhipeng,YANG Fei

Curtain Wall Consultant: MU Yingguang

二里头遗址地处洛阳盆地的核心位置，这里位居古代中国“天下之中”，地理环境极为优越。遗址现存面积约3,000,000m2，是当时中国乃至东亚地区最大的都邑聚落，被学术界认定为夏王朝中晚期都城遗址，成为探索中国文明和国家起源最重要的起点和标尺。

博物馆的建筑形体中央隆起，外圈渐次降低融入场地，以低调消隐的姿态尊重郊野大遗址的原生状态，从而营造旷远幽邃、访古探源的特殊场地氛围。

我们希望博物馆建筑呈现出一种“不定形”的状态，以避免简洁明了的体量所带来的过于单一的解读。在空间特征上，突出与遗址、场地环境的对话而呈现明显的外向特征。作为空间序列的末尾，公众可以来到被三柱回廊所环绕的屋顶开放平台，在这里融入二里头遗址所处的庞大的地理空间。

大体量建筑给场地带来的突兀感是个难题。将外围环绕的绿地隆起为护坡，能在一定程度上遮挡部分建筑体量。除此之外，材料选择成为解决尺度问题的主要手段，考古现场帮助我们在材料建构层面做出了快速的决断，铜与土这两种与二里头文化关联最密切的材料组合成为首选。

在土的选择上，大量采用手工夯土以及与之匹配的清水混凝土工艺。临场实验和持续的设计优化解决了夯土墙刚度与主体结构不匹配的问题，完成了生土材料配比与强度试验、夯土墙高厚比的矛盾、超高夯土墙构造、开洞构造、夯土墙防裂防水以及验收标准等方面的挑战，最终完成的室内外夯土总量超过4000m3，成为目前世界上规模最大的单体生土建筑。

二里头遗址远离市区，博物馆的建设如何惠及临近乡村也是个值得思考的问题。我们制定了一个能够衔接乡村发展与遗址保护的整合设计，依托保留的村庄打造特色文旅小镇，与遗址公园一起形成以博物馆为中心的一体两翼、联动东西发展的全新架构。

The Erlitou Site is located at the core of the Luoyang Basin,which is the centre of ancient China and has an extremely advantageous geographical environment.The existing area of the site is about 3 million square metres,making it the largest capital settlement in China and even East Asia at that time.It was recognised as the capital site of the mid to late Xia Dynasty by the academic community and became the most important starting point and benchmark for exploring Chinese civilisation and the origin of the country.

The museum rises in the centre,and the outer part gradually decreases to integrate into the site.With a less pretentious attitude,it respects the original state of the suburban ruins,creating a broad,deep and quiet atmosphere.

We hope that the museum architecture presents an ＂amorphous＂ state to avoid the simplistic interpretation brought about by the concise and clear volume.In terms of spatial characteristics,it presents a clear outward feature to respond to the site environment.As the end of the spatial sequence,the public can come to the roof terrace surrounded by a threepillar corridor,where they can be integrated into the vast geographical site space.

It's a challenge to remove the abruptness that the site brings.As a slope protection,the surrounding grassland can block part of the building volume.In addition,material selection has become the main means to solve the scale problem.The archaeological sites helped us make quick decisions about materials.The two materials most closely related to Erlitou culture,copper and earth,became the preferred combination.

建筑面积：31,781m2

设计时间：2016.11

竣工时间：2019.10

摄影：田方方，朱捍东

Site Park Plan: LIU Wenjia,FENG Shanshan,ZHANG Wanshu,HU Haining

Tourism Centre Design: HE Kanxuan,KONG Weiwei,LI Yanxi

Site Architect: HAO Jing

Contractor: Henan Guoan Construction Group

Site Area: 148,732 m2

Building Area: 31,781 m2

Design Time: 2016.11

Completion Time: 2019.10

Photos: TIAN Fangfang,ZHU Handong

1 夜幕下的博物馆与北部的遗址区The museum and the northern part of the ruins area in the evening

2 夯土墙分布轴测Axonometric drawing of layout of rammed earth wall

3 总平面Site plan

4 屋顶俯瞰Overlooking the roof

5 博物馆建筑中央隆起，外圈渐次降低融入场地The museum rises in the centre,and the outer part gradually decreases tointegrate into the site

We widely used rammed earth and fairfaced concrete.We solved many construction problems about the rammed earth,including mismatch stiffness with the main structure,ratio and strength,the contradiction of heightthickness ratio,ultra-high wall construction,opening construction,waterproof and crackproof construction and acceptance criteria,by on-site experiments and continuous design optimisation.

The Erlitou site is far from the city,and it is also worth considering how the construction of the museum will benefit the nearby countryside.We have developed an integrated design to connect rural development and site protection,establishing a new ＂one centre,two wings＂structure,which combines the museum,the site park and the characteristic cultural and tourism town transformed from the reserved village.

6 博物馆与北侧复原水系The museum and the restored water system on the north side

7 博物馆与乡村生活共生The museum is symbiotic with rural life

8 北侧水池倒影Reflection in the pool on the north side

9 首层平面Groud floor plan

10 二层平面First floor plan

11 主入口内庭Entrance courtyard

12-15 剖面Sections

16 中央大厅夯土内墙Rammed earth wall of the central hall

17 序厅Preface hall

18 天窗与陈列Skylights and displays

20 北侧的狭长内庭Long,narrow inner court on the north side