现象说明类说明文读写指南

广东 吴嘉丽

文体导读

现象说明类说明文主要用于介绍一种社会或自然现象。典型的现象说明类说明文通常会先描述现象，然后分析造成该现象的原因，进而介绍该现象带来的影响，最后作者发表观点，对该现象进行反思，并提出解决问题的方法和建议。但部分现象说明类说明文只分析现象的成因，并未介绍该现象造成的影响，而有些现象说明类说明文则着重介绍现象造成的影响。

策略导航

（1）巧用彩色笔细品文章。借助彩色笔对文本的不同部分进行标注。用黄色笔标注对现象的介绍，用绿色笔标注现象的成因，用紫色笔标注现象的影响，用橙色笔标注解决方案和建议，然后根据标注情况，进行仿写。

（2）利用“PAS 原则”搭建文本框架，搭建读写支架。“PAS 原则”即Present the phenomenon—Analyse the phenomenon—Solve the problem。这一原则完整地概括了呈现现象、分析现象、解决问题的整体思维过程。但部分现象说明类说明文通常不会直接给出解决问题的方案，读者需要通过批判性、创新性思考才能得到解决方案。在阅读现象说明类说明文时，我们可以利用“PAS原则”，以辅助我们厘清文章结构和梳理基本信息，抓住文章段落的主旨大意。

文章结构Opening Body Reason——分析造成该现象的原因Consequence——介绍该现象带来的影响Ending行文视角Lead in：简要引出现象话题Present the phenomenon：呈现社会或者自然现象Analyse the phenomenon Solve the problem：对该现象进行反思，提出解决问题的方法、建议Summary：总结全文

素材导背

mental health 心理健康

physical health身体健康

symptom 症状

optimistic 乐观的

pessimistic 悲观的

exhausted 疲惫不堪的

depression 抑郁；沮丧

depressive 患抑郁症的；抑郁的

anxiety 焦虑

anxious 焦虑的

fake smile 假笑

forced smile 强颜欢笑

struggle with 挣扎着

sb is burned out = sb is exhausted 某人感到筋疲力尽

a sense of loneliness and helplessness 孤独感和无助感

when it comes to...当涉及……

there was a great/slight increase/rise in...在……方面有很大的/轻微的增长/上升

sth is increasingly popular/serious 某事物日趋流行/严重

Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.也许原因可以列举如下。

the reason why sth...is that... 某事的原因是……

sth is very important = sth is of great importance/significance 某事很重要

It is high time that sth should be done.该做某事的时候到了。

think highly of 重视

take sth into serious account/consideration认真考虑某事

there is no doubt that attention must be pai D...毋庸置疑要关注……

take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation 采取一系列有效措施应对这种情况

For one thing, ... For another thing, ... 其一……，其二……

lead to 导致

as a result 结果是……

turn to sb for help 向某人寻求帮助

meditation 冥想

workout 锻炼

案例导练

A dangerous,common form of depression not talked about enough

It is well known that depression is characterized by visible outbursts: crying a lot, feeling sad and losing interest in what was once pleasure activity.However, another term “smiling depression”—appearing happy to others while actually suffering depressive symptoms has been around for some time.

It can be hard to spot people suffering smiling depression because they may seem like they don't have a reason to be sad—they have a decent job and a wonderful family. They smile when you greet them and can carry pleasant conversations. In short, they tend to put on a mask to the outside world while leading seemingly normal and active lives. When it comes to the inside, however, they often have intense feelings of worthlessness and helplessness,sometimes even having thoughts of ending it all.

Smiling depression partly stems from people who are often reluctant to seek help because of the stigma（耻辱）against mental illness. They feel ashamed of seeing a psychologist. They quietly hold their stress and sadness within, which undoubtedly creates a form of emotional paralysis（瘫痪）that keeps them stuck in unhappy situations.

Some negative consequences include overeating, feeling a sense of heaviness in the arms and legs, etc. People suffering smiling depression are often seized by anxiety, dread,or simmering sadness,which in the long run increases the risk of heart disease,strokes and dementia. They are more likely to feel depressed in the evening and feel the need to sleep longer. With common forms of depression, however, people's mood might be worse in the morning and they might feel the need for less sleep than usual.

So how can they break this circle? Much attention should be paid to cope with it. A starting point is to admit this condition. Only when they stop ignoring their problems can they start making an actual difference. Then they can find purposes by taking the attention away from themselves and placing it onto something else. Feeling that their lives matter is finally what gives them purposes and meaning—and this can make a significant difference to their mental health and well-being. Furthermore, they should turn to family members,friends and even psychologists for help.

Our quiet stress is harmful to our mental health. Expressing our true feeling is far healthier than smiling sweetly while we are feeling quietly stresse D.

一、阅读自测

1.Compare common depression and smiling depression.

Common depression Smiling depression Symptoms Visible outbursts:(1)(2)Sad time Sleep(3)In the (4)In the(5)(6)

2.What do we know about people suffering smiling depression?

A.They are wearing masks all day.

B.They are difficult to get along with.

C.They lead an abnormal life actually.

D.They lost their temper easily.

3.Compared with smiling depression,people suffering common forms of depression.

A.may feel sleepless

B.feel more depressed in the evening

C.are tired of heaviness in the arms

D.may eat more food

4.What can we do to overcome smiling depression?

A.Never talk about smiling depression and ignore its existence.

B.Admit the condition and pay attention to ourselves.

C.Value the importance of our life and enjoy it.

D.Get used to it and let it go.

二、语言汲取

（一）现象说明类说明文的核心表达

1.介绍、呈现现象

it is well known that 众所周知……

be characterized by 有着……特点、特征

gather pace 加快速度；加快步伐

tend to do 往往会做……

spot 发现；注意到

suffer（因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦；受折磨

put on a mask 戴上面具/口罩

2.归纳原因

stem from 起源于；根源是

because of 因为……

aware 意识到

stigma 耻辱；羞耻

be reluctant to do sth不情愿做某事

emotional paralysis 情感麻木

keep sb stuck in 使某人被困于……

3.阐述影响

consequence 结果；影响

overeating 暴饮暴食

a sense of heaviness 沉重感

seize（情绪）侵袭；突然控制

dread 恐惧

simmer 充满（难以控制的感情，尤指愤怒）

in the long run 从长远来看

be seized by anxiety,dread,or simmering sadness 感到焦虑、恐惧或者被一种即将爆发的悲伤所笼罩

increase the risk of heart disease,strokes and dementia 增加患心脏疾病、中风以及痴呆的风险

4.解决问题

break circles 破局；解决问题

a starting point 一开始

then, ... furthermore, ... 然后，……再者，……

matter 有重大影响

take the attention away from sb 转移对某人的注意力

turn to sb for help 向某人寻求帮助

pay attention to 关注

cope with 处理；应对

（二）精彩表达

1.They quietly hold their stress and sadness within,which undoubtedly creates a form of emotional paralysis that keeps them stuck in unhappy situations.他们静静地把压力和悲伤藏在心中，这毋庸置疑会造成一种情感麻木，让他们在不开心的处境中无法自拔。

本句包含了非限制性定语从句和限制性定语从句，which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，用来指代主句They quietly hold their stress and sadness within。此外，后面的that引导的是一个限制性定语从句，用来修饰前面的名词emotional paralysis。

2. People suffering smiling depression are often seized by anxiety, dread, or simmering sadness, which in the long run increases the risk of heart disease, strokes and dementia.患有微笑抑郁症的人总会感到焦虑、恐惧或者被一种即将爆发的悲伤所笼罩，从长远来看，这会增加患心脏疾病、中风和痴呆的风险。

本句中，seize是拟人化动词，可描述人被某种情感所笼罩，可生动地表达情感。

3. Only when they stop ignoring their problems, can they start making an actual difference.只有当他们不再忽视自身的问题时，他们才能开始解决问题。

本句使用了以only 开头的时间状语从句,强调“problem”，此时，主句应使用半倒装语序。

三、句式仿写

1.微笑抑郁症患者对他人假装快乐，内心却充满孤独和无助，这让他们过着不正常的生活。

People suffering smiling depression appear happy to others while they are filled with a sense of loneliness and helplessness inside,_______________________.

2.盯着眼前怒气冲冲的大灰熊，他们被恐惧笼罩着。

Staring at the big furious grizzly bear in front of them,_________________________.

3.只有这样你才能解决问题。

Only in this way______________________________.

四、写作实践

近日，Grazy English举办了主题为“关注心理健康”的征文活动，你想投稿介绍微笑抑郁症（smiling depression）。请你根据以下要点，写一篇征文。

1.微笑抑郁症的介绍（表征、原因等）；

2.微笑抑郁症的应对措施和建议。注意：

1.词数80左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；

3.至少需要使用两个本文中解析过的句式。

Smiling depression

评价导思

A self-assessment checklist for my expository reading

1.阅读本文前，我认真了解了现象说明类说明文的文体知识。□Yes □No

2.在阅读过程中，我会借助彩色笔对文本中的不同部分做标注。□Yes □No

3.在阅读过程中，我会用“PAS原则”梳理文章。□Yes □No

4.读完这篇文章后，我会尝试着对社会或自然现象进行介绍。□Yes □No

5.读完这篇文章后，我会花费_______的时间来读完一篇大约350词的现象说明类说明文。

□5分钟 □7分钟 □9分钟 □其他

6.本次读写活动后，我会尝试分析现象背后的成因、影响以及提出解决方案。□Yes □No

7.为了阅读更多类型的现象说明类说明文，我需要_______。

□加倍努力 □持之以恒 □坚持目标 □掌握高效的读写策略