王爱国 李春雨 井向辉 蒲磊 杨泽光
摘要:鄂爾多斯盆地长7烃源岩横向上的地化差异性不清,导致远离湖盆中心的油藏油源不明确,存在“近源”和“远源”的争论。选择对沉积环境响应灵敏的C20-C21-C23三环萜烷(TT)对盆内的长7烃源岩开展研究。结果表明:长7泥页岩的C20-C21-C23TT存在C20 关键词:鄂尔多斯盆地; 延长组; 长7; 烃源岩; 三环萜烷 中图分类号:P 168.1 文献标志码:A 引用格式:王爱国,李春雨,井向辉,等.鄂尔多斯盆地长7烃源岩三环萜烷的差异性、成因及其油源意义[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2023,47(4):48-59. WANG Aiguo, LI Chunyu, JING Xianghui, et al. Difference, origin and oil source significance of tricyclic terpenes in Chang 7 source rocks in Ordos Basin[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2023,47(4):48-59. Difference, origin and oil source significance of tricyclic terpenes in Chang 7 source rocks in Ordos Basin WANG Aiguo1,2, LI Chunyu1,2, JING Xianghui3, PU Lei3, YANG Zeguang1,2 (1. Department of Geology in Northwest University, Xian 710069, China; 2.State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics in Northwest University, Xian 710069, China; 3.Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xian 710018, China) Abstract:The horizontal geochemical difference of the Chang 7 source rocks in Ordos Basin is not clear, which leads to the unclear understanding of oil source for the oils far away from the center of the lake basin. And there is a debate between “adjacent source ” and “ distant source”. C20-C21-C23 tricyclic terpane (TT) with sensitive response to sedimentary environment was used to study the Chang 7 source rock in the basin. The results show that there are three distribution patterns of C20-C21-C23 TT in Chang 7 shale : C20 < C21 < C23TT (type Ⅰ), C20 < C21 > C23TT (type Ⅱ) and C20 > C21 < C23TT (type Ⅲ ). The type Ⅰ shale is developed in the deep lake, and overlaps with areas of the tuff deposition and hydrothermal fluid activity. The total organic carbon ( TOC ) is high, and it is a high-quality source rock. The type Ⅱ shale is distributed in the northern deep lake and shallow lake areas, and the TOC is lower than the type I, which is an effective source rock. The difference in the input ratio of plankton and higher plants leads to the difference in the distribution pattern of C20-C21-C23 TT. The origin of type I is related to plankton dominated input, while type Ⅱ and Ⅲ patterns have more higher plant input. Based on oil-source correlation using C20-C21-C23TT distribution patterns, the crude oils in Jingbian area is originated from Chang 7 high quality source rocks in the central basin, supporting the accumulation model that the oils migrated from a distant source. Keywords:Ordos Basin; Yanchang Formation; Chang 7; source rocks; tricyclic terpane 三环萜烷(TT)系列化合物在原油和烃源岩抽提物中广泛分布[1],碳数多为C19~C29 [2]。TT具有较强的热稳定性和抗生物降解能力[3-4],且对沉积环境和有机质输入[2, 5-7]响应灵敏而被广泛应用于油源对比研究[8-9]。前人研究[10]发现,当热演化程度小于0.2%Ro时,C20-C21-C23TT丰度分布受控于母质类型的原生差异。成熟度和排烃作用对其影响较小,因而是很好的生源指标。前人就利用C20-C21-C23TT在准噶尔盆地成功地解决多源、混源成藏体系中油气来源与混合问题[8-9]。鄂尔多斯盆地中生界原油被认为来自延长组长7段、长9段及延长组其他层段的泥页岩[11-13]。对于这种垂向上的烃源差异性,前人已通过生物标志化合物进行了有效的界定[14-15]。然而对于同层烃源岩的横向差异性研究较少。如长7主力烃源岩,前人取得大量诸如烃源岩品质[16]、地化特征[17]、空间分布[18-19]、沉积环境[20-21]等方面的认识,但鲜有长7烃源岩横向差异性的报道,导致离湖盆中心较远的油藏存在“近源”和“远源”的争议[17,22-24]。即油源究竟是原地的长7烃源岩,还是湖盆中心的长7烃源岩。为此,笔者利用C20-C21-C23TT对鄂尔多斯盆地长7烃源岩开展横向差异性研究,探讨这种地化差异性的成因及其对靖边地区石油来源的指示。 1 区域地质背景 鄂尔多斯盆地(图1(a))上三叠统延长组为典型的陆相湖盆沉积,自上而下被分为长1至长10段[25]。长7段沉积于湖盆鼎盛时期,以深湖—半深湖、淡水—微(半)咸水沉积环境为主[21-23],并伴随着火山热液活动[26-28](图1(b))。沉积有机质在湖盆中心的长7段内富集[29],形成了一套以暗色泥岩和黑色页岩为主的烃源岩层,局部地区累加厚度大于40 m[18](图1(b))。暗色泥岩和黑色页岩的平均烃源岩残余有机碳含量(TOC)分别为3.74%和13.81%,有机质类型以Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型为主,整体处于成熟阶段[25]。 2 样品、数据与方法 从钻井岩心和野外露头采集5块长7烃源岩和3块长8烃源岩样品(表1)。从公开发表的文献中搜集了36组长7烃源岩的m/z 191色谱图、TOC、热解数据(表2)和142组长7烃源岩的生标数据。烃源岩样品点和部分数据点位置如图1(b)所示。另外,在陕北斜坡上(图1(b))采集了40个原油样品(层位涉及长7至延安组)和9个油砂样品(长6、长7段)。 按照国家标准(GB/T 19145-2003、GB/T 18602-2012)对烃源岩样品开展TOC和热解测试;按照行业标准(SY/T 5118-2005、SY/T 5119-2016)对烃源岩和油砂样品进行沥青抽提和族组分分离。使用热电TRACE 1300-ISQ QD 300气相色谱质谱联用仪按照国家标准(GB/T 18606-2017)对分离出的饱和烃开展了色谱-质谱测试,进而计算生标指标并划分C20-C21-C23TT丰度分布类型(表1)。文献中的C20-C21-C23TT分布样式由m/z 191色谱图读取(表2)。 3 长7烃源岩分布和地化特征 3.1 长7烃源岩分布范围 长7段烃源岩岩性主要为黑色页岩和暗色泥岩。黑色页岩的TOC普遍大于6%,生烃潜量S1+S2多大于20 mg/g,达到“极好”烃源岩级别,主要发育于深湖区的长73亚段[16,23](图1(b))。暗色泥岩的TOC普遍介于0.5%~10%,S1+S2多介于0~50 mg/g[16,23]。暗色泥岩的有机质丰度虽然差于黑色页岩,但仍含有“好—极好”级别的烃源岩。暗色泥岩在长7段各段均有分布,分布范围也扩大至浅湖区(图1(b))。廖青[16]通过确定有效烃源岩的TOC下限(TOC大于1.5%),将长7有效烃源岩分布范围的北界限定在盐池—安塞—延安一线。但最近的研究发现,在盐池—安塞—延安一线以北的靖边(表1)、安塞[42]、延长[43]地区仍然存在许多TOC大于1.5%的长7泥页岩。即长7有效烃源岩的分布范围实际上比图1(b)所示的范围还要大,可能涵盖整个长7浅湖区(图1(b))。 3.2 长7烃源岩地化特征和横向差异性 长7泥页岩的C20-C21-C23TT丰度分布样式存在明显差别,可分为C20 Ⅰ、Ⅱ类长7烃源岩的空间分布具有明显的规律(图4):Ⅰ类烃源岩主要分布在湖盆中心,分布区域与深湖区、凝灰岩分布区[28]、黑色页岩分布区基本一致;Ⅱ类烃源岩分布于浅湖区和环县—华池—富县一线以北的深湖区。也就是说,长7烃源岩的C20-C21-C23TT丰度分布样式在陕北斜坡和湖盆中心存在明显差异:在陕北斜坡, C20-C21-C23TT丰度分布样式单一,以Ⅱ类为主;在湖盆中心北部区域,Ⅰ类与Ⅱ类分布样式均有,二者在纵向上是共存的。以G135井为例,该井长72烃源岩C20-C21-C23TT分布样式为Ⅰ类(表2),而下伏的长73烃源岩则表现为Ⅱ类(表1);在湖盆中心南部区域,C20-C21-C23TT豐度分布样式也比较单一,以Ⅰ类为主。 长7烃源岩在湖盆中心和陕北斜坡间的地化差异性还体现在姥植比(Pr/Ph)、C27-C28-C29规则甾烷相对含量等示源指标上。如图5(数据引自本研究和文献[14]、[16]、[23]、[42]~[43])所示,湖盆中心长7烃源岩的Pr/Ph主要介于0.5~1.3,αααRC27/C29甾烷多大于1.0,而陕北斜坡长7烃源岩的Pr/Ph主要为1.0~2.2,αααRC27/C29甾烷多小于1.0。与湖盆中心相比,陕北斜坡长7烃源岩形成于偏氧化的沉积环境,存在较多的高等植物输入。 4 三环萜烷分布差异性成因和意义 4.1 成熟度对C20-C21-C23TT分布样式的影响 部分学者认为C23/C21TT是成熟度的良好指标,即随成熟度增大,C23/C21TT比值逐渐减小[4,44]。然而,陈哲龙等[10]通过模拟实验认为,成熟度在过熟阶段才对C20-C21-C23TT分布样式产生显著影响。一方面,鄂尔多斯盆地中生界的热演化程度还没有达到过熟阶段。另一方面,C23/C21TT与成熟度参数(Ts/Tm、C29甾烷ββ/(ββ+αα)、C30重排藿烷/C30藿烷,C29Ts /C30藿烷)相关图(图6)也证实,长7烃源岩和原油样品的C23/C21TT与成熟度参数无明显相关性。这说明,成熟度并不会影响本区内长7烃源岩和原油的C20-C21-C23TT分布样式。 4.2 三环萜烷分布差异性成因 TT的丰度分布样式与沉积环境关系密切。海相烃源岩往往具有C23TT优势[3, 10],表现为Ⅰ类分布样式;淡水湖相烃源岩往往具有C21TT优势[3],与Ⅱ类分布样式相对应;陆相烃源岩常具有C19TT、C20TT优势[45-46],故而呈C20>C21>C23TT的样式(本文中将此样式命名为Ⅳ类)。另外还发现,海陆过渡相烃源岩常具有Ⅲ类分布样式。典型海相沉积有机质主要来源于浮游生物,而典型陆相沉积有机质来自高等植物[47]。因此,Ⅰ类和Ⅳ类分布样式很可能分别代表了浮游生物主导型和高等植物主导型的生源输入。 张水昌等[48]曾对张家口地区的新元古代海相油页岩(距今900~873 Ma,(0.6%~0.7%)Ro)开展研究(该油页岩排除了高等植物的输入),发现了两类油页岩:一类以蓝藻和绿藻为主,C20-C21-C23TT为Ⅰ类分布样式;另一类则以底栖宏观红藻为主,C20-C21-C23TT分布样式为Ⅳ类。这些发现进一步证实,浮游生物应该是Ⅰ类分布样式的生源。除高等植物以外,底栖宏观藻类可能是Ⅳ类分布样式的另一个生源。然而,底栖宏观藻类由于生产力较低,被认为对生烃贡献不大[47]。对油气生成贡献较大的生源主要为浮游生物、高等植物和细菌[47]。细菌被认为是霍烷的生物来源[49],目前尚未有研究显示它们与TT的生源有关。因此Ⅰ类分布样式对应于浮游生物主导型的生源输入,而Ⅳ类分布样式对应于高等植物主导型的生源输入。 对于海陆过渡环境和淡水湖相,其沉积有机质通常来自浮游生物和高等植物的混合输入[47]。即这些沉积有机质的C20-C21-C23TT分布样式(Ⅱ、Ⅲ类)应该是Ⅰ类和Ⅳ类分布样式的混合。经数值模拟计算, Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类分布样式确实可由Ⅰ类和Ⅳ分布样式按不同的比例混合而成(图7)。也就是说,浮游生物和高等植物混合输入比例的不同是形成4类C20-C21-C23TT分布样式的原因。由此推断,分布于深湖区的 Ⅰ 类长7烃源岩的生源以浮游生物为主,这与前人通过显微组分或C27-C28-C2s9规则甾烷研究取得的认识[16,23]一致。相较而言,Ⅱ 类、Ⅲ 类长7泥页岩的生源输入中,高等植物的比重明显增大。 长7段沉积期,受印支-秦岭碰撞造山运动的影响,鄂尔多斯盆地南部火山活动和湖底热液活动强烈[26,29,50]。前人认为,火山灰和热液流体的注入为湖泊带来了大量营养物质,促进了湖泊内藻类等浮游生物的繁盛和优质烃源岩发育[51-52]。需要注意的是,Ⅰ類长7烃源岩的分布区与凝灰岩发育区恰好高度重叠(图4)。特别地,在环县—华池—富县一线以南的深湖区,凝灰岩最为发育,热液活动最为强烈,而Ⅰ类C20-C21-C23TT分布样式也最为发育(图4)。由此推断,在构造活动较弱的时期以及火山灰和热液流体影响弱的区域,湖水中浮游生物输入比例降低(或者高等植物输入比例增大),导致了Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类长7泥页岩的形成。 4.3 油源指示意义 经油源对比,陕北斜坡上的油样和含油砂岩抽提物全部来自长7烃源岩(图8(a),其中长7和长9烃源岩范围分别参考文献[14]、[16]、[23]、[31]~[32]、[40]、[53]~[55];长8烃源岩范围参考文献[54])。这些原油的TT分布样式以Ⅰ类为主,存在少量Ⅱ类,未见Ⅲ类(图9,其中优质烃源岩范围由Ⅰ类长7烃源岩分布范围和深湖区范围确定)。此外这些原油的Pr/Ph和αααRC27/C29甾烷指标也与湖盆中心长7烃源岩的指标比较接近(图8)。因此陕北斜坡上长7以浅的大部分原油来自湖盆中心的Ⅰ类长7烃源岩,小部分来自Ⅱ类长7烃源岩。也就是说,Ⅰ类长7烃源岩是本区的主力烃源岩,Ⅱ类长7烃源岩为次要烃源岩。 值得注意的是,在远离湖盆中心的靖边地区,Y76井长72暗色泥岩的TOC为3.38%,S1+S2为17.24 mg/g,属“最好”级别生油岩(表1),表明该地区的长7段泥页岩仍是潜在的烃源岩。然而该区原油的C20-C21-C23TT分布样式(图9)、Pr/Ph和αααRC27/C29甾烷指标(图8)与湖盆中心长7烃源岩的指标一致,而与该区甚至陕北斜坡潜在长7烃源岩的类型(图8、9)明显不同,因而排除了原地长7油源的贡献,油源应该为湖盆中心的优质烃源岩。 5 结 论 (1)鄂尔多斯盆地长7泥页岩的C20-C21-C23三环萜烷(TT)丰度存在3种分布样式:C20 (2)浮游生物和高等植物输入比例的不同是导致C20-C21-C23TT分布样式多样化的原因。Ⅰ类分布样式与浮游生物主导型输入有关。相较于Ⅰ类,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类分布样式与较多的高等植物输入有关。 (3)C20-C21-C23TT分布样式的差异性揭示陕北斜坡上长7段至延安组的原油主要来自湖盆中心的长7优质烃源岩,支持了靖边地区油藏“远源”成藏的观点。 参考文献: [1] DE GRANDE S M B, AQUINO NETO F R, MELLO M R. 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