罗跃梅
四层考点预测
考点1 从语篇的结构看,凸显对“结果(结局)”和“回应”部分的考查
一个完整的叙事结构应包括六个部分,即点题(Abstract)、指向(Orientation)、进展(Complicating action)、评议(Evaluation)、结果/结局(Result/Resolution)和回应(Coda)。“点题”是叙述者在讲故事之前对故事所做的简要概括。“指向”是在点题以后,叙述者在故事的开始对时间、地点、人物及其活动,以及环境的描述。“进展”指故事本身的发生、事态的发展。“评议”是叙述者对故事发生的原因、故事的要点、叙述故事目的的评论,或别人对故事中有关情况的评论等。“结果/结局”是一系列事件的结束,这一部分所描述的是故事的结果、结局,包括人物的结局、目的的实现或失败等。
“回应”则指在故事的结尾,往往有一两句话表示故事的结束,叙述者用这一两句话来回应主题,使听者或读者对故事有一个完整的了解,使故事有头有尾,并把叙述者和读者从故事中带出来。应当注意的是,评议包括外部评议和内部评议。外部评议是情节之外的叙述者的评论,内部评议则是在情节发展的特定时刻角色发出的评论。
上表显示,2020年至2022年新高考英语读后续写文章的基本框架都包括了点题、指向、进展和评议四大部分,但均未给出故事的结果/结局和回应,故结构是不完整的。三篇文章均开篇点题,在整个叙事的过程中,穿插了评议的内容。在叙述方式上,三篇文章均以时间顺序推动情节的发展。考生需要充分发挥想象力,大胆构思和创编符合逻辑的续写内容。
备考点睛
(一)分析原文,把握故事的梗概
在高考中,時间紧,任务重,考生可以利用“SEPT+4C”的模式快速梳理续写原文,把握故事的梗概和续写方向。在“SEPT”中,“S”指故事发生的背景,即setting,完整的故事背景包括when、where、what和why;“E”指故事中人物的情感变化线索,即emotions,人物的情感不同,解决问题的方式也就不同;“P”指故事的情节,即plots,包括beginning(开始)、development(发展)、climax(高潮)、result/resolution(结果/结局)以及coda(回应),考试中,故事的结局以及回应通常是不给出来的;“T”则指故事的主题和中心思想,即theme,高考中的续写文章常体现一定的教育性,凸显对考生价值取向的间接考查。
“4C”包括故事的人物(characters)、故事的冲突(conflict)、故事的线索(clues)、人物的性格(characteristics)。在考试中,考生可以把“SEPT+4C”设计成表格的形式,并归纳出主要人物,从而快速厘清文本。
真题链接
It was the day of the big cross?country run. Students from seven different primary schoolsin and around the small town were warming up and walking the route (路线) through thickevergreen forest.
I looked around and finally spotted David, who was standing by himself off to the sideby a fence. He was small for ten years old. His usual big toothy smile was absent today. Iwalked over and asked him why he wasnt with the other children. He hesitated and thensaid he had decided not to run.
What was wrong? He had worked so hard for this event!
I quickly searched the crowd for the schools coach and asked him what had hap?pened.“I was afraid that kids from other schools would laugh at him,”he explained uncom?fortably.“I gave him the choice to run or not, and let him decide.”
I bit back my frustration (懊恼). I knew the coach meant well—he thought he was do?ing the right thing. After making sure that David could run if he wanted, I turned to findhim coming towards me, his small body rocking from side to side as he swung his feet for?ward.
David had a brain disease which prevented him from walking or running like otherchildren, but at school his classmates thought of him as a regular kid. He always partici?pated to the best of his ability in whatever they were doing. That was why none of the chil?dren thought it unusual that David had decided to join the cross?country team. It just tookhim longer—thats all. David had not missed a single practice, and although he always fin?ished his run long after the other children, he did always finish. As a special educationteacher at the school, I was familiar with the challenges David faced and was proud of hisstrong determination.
注意:续写词数应为150左右。
Paragraph 1:
We sat down next to each other, but David wouldnt look at me.
Paragraph 2:
I watched as David moved up to the starting line with the other runners.
本文叙述了患有脑部疾病的大卫参加越野赛跑的故事。考生可以利用“SEPT+4C”的语篇分析模式,对续写原文进行快速解读。
“SEPT+4C”的语篇分析模式可以让考生能够对续写原文进行快速解读。在考试中,由于时间有限,当需要提取的信息不是简短的单词或短语时,考生不太可能将文字较长的信息点都填入表格。此时,考生可以将相关的信息点标上序号,将序号填入表格中的对应的位置即可,以提高理解续写原文的效率。
(二)研读首句,构思精彩的情节
考生在续写时,要根据所给的提示句,以问题链的形式提出大约三个问题,这些问题要包括续写故事中的when、who、why、what和how等信息。
根据续写第一段的提示句,考生可以提出以下三个问题:
Why wouldn't David look at me?
What did I do when David wouldn't look at me?
What was David's reaction to what I did?
根据续写第二段的提示句,考生可以提出以下三个问题:
How did David perform in the race?
What was all the audiences'reaction to David's performance?
What lesson would David learn from this experience?
根据以上问题,考生可以构思出续写部分的情节:紧张的大卫在“我”的鼓励下,最终决定参加越野赛跑,虽然他没有取得好的名次,但是他坚持完成了比赛,赢得了所有观众的尊重。
(三)恰当评议,提升叙述的张力
适当的评议可以制造悬念,增强故事的吸引力和感染力,也可以对续写文章起到画龙点睛的作用。发表评议时,评议的内容要切合人物的品质、故事的情节和文章的主题,切忌离题千里、内容空洞的无病呻吟式评议。在平时的练习中,同学们要积累针对不同主题进行评议的语言素材,活学巧用。
1. 亲情
What we love is home, a place that our feet may leave, but not our hearts. 家是我们所爱的地方,双脚可以离开,心却不能。
When it comes to family, we are all still children at heart. No matter how old we get,we always need a place to call home. 当谈到家人的时候,我们内心深处始终觉得自己还是孩子。不管我们年龄多大了,我们总需要一个称之为家的地方。
Not to be mean with a greeting, not to be shy of a hug, get close to our families and cherish this extraordinary and noble affection. 不要吝啬一个问候,不要羞于一个拥抱,亲近我们的家人,并珍视这非凡而又高贵的亲情。
2. 友谊
Let go of yourself, dont hide and throw out all the feelings, and then the power offriendship lets you be released. 放开你自己,不要隐藏,抛出所有的情感,友谊的力量会让你得到释放。
Bosom friends, need not say much, but communicate with heart. Friendship, can notbe expressed, but taste with heart. 知己,不需多言,但要用心去交流。友谊,不能言表,但要用心去品尝。
I will always remember you, even if your footprints have traveled all over the world . 纵使你的足迹踏遍天涯海角,我也将永远记住你。
3. 挫折
Everyone faces the possibility of setbacks and failures, which is part of our life experi?ence. 每个人都有面临挫折和失敗的可能,这是我们每个人人生经历的一部分。
Life is full of thorns. The only way we can think of is to cross them quickly. 人生布满了荆棘,我们能想到的唯一办法是从那些荆棘上迅速跨过。
Great people had gone through the desert before they reached the peak of glory. 伟大的人物都走过了荒沙大漠,才登上光荣的高峰。
4. 幸福/痛苦
Happiness lies first of all in health. 幸福首先在于健康。
Happiness is nothing else but the intermission of pain, the enjoyment of something Iam hungry for till I have it. 幸福不过是痛苦的间歇,享受之前渴望得到的东西。
There is no greater grief than recalling a time of happiness when in misery. 没有什么比在悲惨中回忆幸福的时刻更痛苦。
5. 善良
There is no shortage of kind people in the world. What is missing is those who are stillgood after setbacks and betrayals. 这个世界不缺善良的人,缺的是经历挫折与背叛之后仍然保持善良的人。
One day, you will understand that kindness is harder than intelligence. Intelligence isa gift, while kindness is a choice. 有一天你会明白,善良比聪明更难。聪明是一种天赋,而善良是一种选择。
Where there is no simplicity, kindness and truth, there is no greatness. 哪里没有朴素、善良和真理,哪里也就谈不上有伟大的事物。
6. 志愿服务
Often, we cant do great things, but we can do little things with great love. 我们常常无法做伟大的事,但我们可以用伟大的爱去做些小事。
Love is the best stage for volunteers, and dedication is the most beautiful language forvolunteers. 爱心是志愿者最好的舞台,奉献是志愿者最美的语言。
Spread your love in the simplest way. 用最简单的方式传递你的爱心。
7. 学习生活
There are a variety of after?class activities in our school, which benefit us a lot. 我们学校有丰富多彩的课外活动,这些活动对我们很有益。
The more a student is encouraged, the harder he will work at his lessons. 学生被鼓励得越多,他学习就会越努力。
Those who sow in tears will reap with a smile. 含泪播种的人一定能含笑收获。
(四)精心构思,设计精彩的结尾好的开头是成功的一半,好的结尾同样至关重要。好的结尾可以起到升华主题、画龙点睛的作用。续写的文章除了要在内容和语言方面与原文保持和谐外,还应注意采用有效的方式结束文章。
1. 首尾呼应式结尾法好的文章需要首尾照应。读后续写的原文开头一般都会开篇点题,表明故事的梗概。考生在做读后续写时,可通过回顾给定材料的故事情节与背景,初步明确续写思路,展开合理想象,预测人物将要进行的一系列行为活动。而这些行为活动应更贴合故事发展趋向,呼应前文主题。写作时,需要在一定的范围内更好地展开想象力,这既保证后续情节的跌宕起伏,又能首尾呼应贴合前文主题,使发展结果更为顺理成章。
续写的原文首句为“It was the day of the big cross?country run.”,根据此句,结合下文,我们可以想象,尽管大卫没有取得好成绩,但是他的决心和勇气让这一天成为越野赛跑中非常特殊的一天。因此,结尾可为“Despite the fact that David didnt get a sat?isfactory place in the race, his determination and courage made it the biggest event in the cross?country run.”。这样的结尾与开篇中的big cross?country run相互照应,而the big?gest event的使用则又给读者留下了想象的空间,引发读者思考该项赛事为什么会被称为最盛大的赛事,故升华了文章的主题意义。
2. 名言式结尾法
名言常蕴含着一些哲理。使用名言结尾往往能给文章增添文采,同时也能起到提炼主题思想、深化主旨的作用,这样的结尾可以引出结论,即时抒情,凸显主旨,渲染氛围,等。合理使用名言可以为续写文章画龙点睛,因此在平时我们不仅要多加积累,也要明白名言蕴含的道理,以便将其用在合适的语境中。
文章的主题为挑战、勇气与毅力,根据主题我们可以写出这样的结尾句,比如“The race eventually came to an end when David swung his feet past the finishing line. Abig smile, which appeared on his face, shone like a diamond. His participation became awell?known story that courage is the light of a man in adversity.”。结尾句中的名言cour?age is the light of a man in adversity意为“勇气是身处逆境之人的光”,起到了升华主题的作用。
3. 情感升华式结尾法
每一个故事的创作不只是为了讲清楚一件事情的来龙去脉,还要包含作者想要表达的寓意,以及希望与读者分享的感悟,这种思想往往贯穿全文,并在故事结尾得到升华。在读后续写的结尾部分可以采用情感升华的方式,让读者产生情感上的共鸣,激发读者思考。
情感升华的结尾要求有较高的立意,它是故事的灵魂所在。这样的结尾能够产生强烈的艺术感染力,通常我们可以通过表现人生感悟、生活真谛、生活哲理、人生观或价值观来达到结尾部分的情感升华。
本文叙述的是脑部疾病患者大卫历经周折参加越野赛跑的故事。通读文章,我们可以想象出主人翁大卫在参加比赛的前后会发生的一系列情绪变化。在比赛前,他全力以赴地准备,坚韧不拔;在比赛到来时,他犹豫不决,担心又害怕;在比赛过程中,他的成绩表现一般,但他用毅力赢得了掌声和尊重。因此,他的情绪最终得到了宣泄,并产生了一些赛后感悟。根据此分析,我们可以采用情感升华式结尾法结束全文,比如“The moment he swung his feet past the finishing line, David burst into cheers,celebrating his overwhelming victory over his brain disease and cowardice. For a willing heart like him, nothing would be difficult again. He would firmly hold the belief that in thedays yet to come, every day would be an entirely new day.”。
4. 自然式结尾法
自然式结尾法常承接前文,交代故事发展的结局,使得故事的叙述得以完整。这样的结尾让读者读起来感觉非常轻松自然,没有空洞或拖泥带水之感。
原文介绍了大卫患有脑部疾病的情况,叙述了其为参加比赛所做的准备和在比赛前的犹豫不决。续写部分则叙述了大卫在“我”的鼓励下最终参加比赛,但并未取得好成绩的故事。根据此分析,结尾可为“The race came to an end after two hours offierce competition when David finally swung his feet past the finishing line. Sweat glistenedon his forehead. He stood there alone for long, waving desperately to all the audiences, re?luctant to leave. His usual big toothy smile made a comeback after all these unforgettablemoments.”。
5. 环境描写式结尾法
环境描写可以起到交代故事发生背景、烘托故事情节发展、衬托人物内心活动的作用。优美的环境描写常寓情于景,可以使讀者产生美丽的画面感,带来文字之外的视觉享受。续写的原文介绍了该活动是越野赛跑。据此,我们可以联想到蓝天、白云、微风、欢呼等组成的画面,由此可写出这样的结尾——“David let out a sigh of re?lief. His small figure stood out against the bright blue sky where a white cloud was floating.He waved his hand towards me with the breeze brushing his face.”
考点2 从语篇的选材来看,体现贴近生活实际的命题思路
纵观2020年至2022年的新高考英语读后续写命题,选文的主题语境所反映的内容均与学生的生活息息相关,是学生生活中常见的情景。在语篇的体裁选取方面较为单一,均为生活叙事。因此,考生在备考过程中应多注意观察生活、体验生活、厚积情感体验,为读后续写积累一定的生活经历和生活常识。
四翼考法预判
读后续写是新高考英语卷中难度最大的题型。在沿袭常规的命题手法的情况下,读后续写的命题创新可能会在以下两个方面有所体现。
考法1 拓展主题语境,丰富命题情境
自新高考英语卷引入读后续写题型以来,试卷所采用的主题语境涵盖了“人与自我”和“人与社会”两大主题语境,并未涉及“人与自然”这一主题语境。当前,受诸多因素的制约,多数的高中学生缺少深入接触自然的机会和相关的生活经历。命题人充分考虑了这一实际情况,因此,在近三年的新高考英语试卷中,读后续写并未考查“人与自然”这一主题语境。但实际上,只要选材适当,“人与自然”中的一些话题完全可以作为命题的突破口。
备考点睛
建议考生在备考过程中,应增加对“人与自然”这一主题语境的练习,并积累一定量的相关语言素材。在涉及“人与自然”时,语篇的主题意义要体现人与自然的和谐相处和保护生态环境的意识。
考法2 精选多种素材,丰富语篇类型
叙事类的语篇包括日记叙事、书信叙事、游记叙事、灾难叙事、人物叙事、历史叙事、戏剧歌剧、科幻叙事、生活叙事等。但近三年的读后续写在语篇类型的采用上相对保守,均采用的是生活叙事这一语篇类型。
备考点睛
考生在备考过程中,可以适当增加其他类型的叙事语篇,如游记叙事、人物叙事、科幻叙事等,从而使得语篇的练习更加多样化。在练习过程中要分析每一类语篇的文体特征,掌握语篇的基本要素、写作手法,并正确解读语篇的主题意义。
一核考题预演
本部分见P59~P72 学习妙测《2023年高考热点命题:读后续写》内容。