陈春婷 石亚平 王玥 周懿
摘 要 随着微创外科的迅猛发展,多模式镇痛在围手术期的广泛应用,导尿管相关不适现已成为围手术期患者的主诉之一。导尿管相关膀胱刺激征(Catheter-related Bladder Discomfort,CRBD)可加重患者術后疼痛,降低患者围手术期恢复质量。为更好地实现围手术期舒适化医疗,提高对CRBD的重视,减少术后CRBD的发生,提高麻醉恢复质量,本文从术后CRBD的发生率、发生机制、危险因素、严重程度、危害、预防及治疗等方面进行综述。
关键词 微创外科;导尿管相关膀胱刺激征;围手术期;疼痛;全身麻醉
中图分类号 R614.2 R694 文献标识码 A 文章编号 2096-7721(2023)01-0034-08
Abstract With the rapid development of minimally invasive surgery, multi-mode analgesia has been widely used in perioperative period. Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) has become one of the main complaints of patients indwelling a catheter, which could aggravate postoperative pain and reduce the quality of perioperative recovery. In order to improve perioperative care quality, reduce the incidence of postoperative CRBD, and enhance the recovery quality from anesthesia, the incidence, possible mechanism, risk factors, severity, prevention and treatment of postoperative CRBD were reviewed in this paper.
Key words Minimally invasive surgery; Catheter-related bladder discomfort; Perioperative period; Pain; General anesthesia
随着微创外科的迅猛发展,多模式镇痛在围手术期的广泛应用,导尿管相关不适成为围手术期患者的主诉之一。导尿管相关膀胱刺激征(Catheter-related Bladder Discomfort,CRBD)表现为留置导尿管后的耻骨上区域不适,尿频、尿急,伴或不伴有急迫性尿失禁[1-2];大部分患者表现为下腹部烧灼样疼痛[3],并伴有烦躁不安、言语混乱,甚至出现肢体运动试图拔除导尿管。CRBD可加重患者术后疼痛,降低围手术期恢复质量,甚至可导致患者术后出现谵妄躁动、术后出血等严重并发症[4]。为更好地实现围手术期舒适化医疗,临床上应高度重视CRBD。本文从CRBD术后发生率、发生机制、危险因素、严重程度、危害、预防及治疗这几个方面阐述其临床进展。
1 CRBD的发生率
随着导尿管的广泛使用,CRBD的发生率呈上升趋势,术后CRBD的发生率为47%~ 90%[5],术后中重度CRBD发生率的发生率为16%~66.7%[3,6-11],中重度CRBD发生率差异的产生与纳入患者的标准有关。患者的性别、年龄都与CRBD的发生极其相关,男性尿道比女性长,术后CRBD发生率高于女性患者。Lim N等人[12]研究发现50岁以下患者中重度CRBD的发生率明显高于50岁以上患者(28% Vs 16.2%,P<0.05),这可能与老年患者对痛觉、温度觉的敏感度下降而阈值升高有关[13]。此外,不同手术类型可影响CRBD的发生率,泌尿外科术后CRBD发生率比其他科高[12,14]。Kim D H等人[3]研究发现,经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor,TURBT)术后早期中重度CRBD发生率高达66.7%。Moataz A等人[15]统计了CRBD发病率时间,研究发现,术后早期CRBD的发生率高于术后晚期,其中导尿后第1d CRBD发生率高达92%,中重度患者占19%。
2 CRBD的发生机制
2.1 生理因素
尿道分布着丰富的神经(骶副交感神经、脊柱胸腰段交感神经及骶部躯体运动神经),它们对外界的刺激异常敏感。Rahnamai M S等人[16]报道了副交感神经节后纤维释放的乙酰胆碱递质与逼尿肌上胆碱能受体相结合,导致膀胱与尿道平滑肌不自主收缩,引起术后CRBD的发生。Andersson K E等人[17]报道毒蕈碱受体是引起膀胱收缩的最重要的机制,其中M3型胆碱受体激活并促进平滑肌收缩,M2型胆碱能受体激活并抑制β肾上腺素能受体介导平滑肌舒张,这会间接导致平滑肌收缩。
2.2 解剖因素
男性的尿道较长,存在较多生理弯曲和狭窄,特别是耻骨下弯曲较固定,不易拉直导尿时易损伤;老年患者普遍存在前列腺增生和尿道狭窄,这也是CRBD发生的重要因素。
2.3 医源性因素
留置导尿管时润滑不足,导尿操作不当,反复多次暴力操作,导尿管型号选择不当,异物刺激,破坏尿道黏膜的屏障作用,手术破坏膀胱壁屏障,膀胱持续冲洗引起痉挛等,这些均可加重患者疼痛不适进而诱发CRBD的发生。最新研究发现,导尿管球囊注水量过多,尿道内口压力过大[18]也是诱发CRBD的重要因素。
2.4 麻醉因素
全身麻醉诱导后患者无心理适应,苏醒期痛觉敏感性增加也是CRBD发生的可能因素。
3 CRBD的危险因素、严重程度分级与危害
3.1 CRBD的危险因素
Lim N等人[12]采用多因素Logistic回歸分析发现,年龄<50岁、男性、妇产科手术及导管相关尿路疼痛(Urinary Catheter-related Pain,UCRP)评分≥4均是导致术后30min中重度CRBD的危险因素。Zugail A S等人[18]一项前瞻性研究发现,导尿管球囊容积的大小对CRBD的发生也有显著相关性,球囊体积减少50%,CRBD的发生率可降低18.7%。Moataz A等人[15]多因素分析发现,中重度CRBD发生的独立危险因素包括:导尿管口径≥18 Fr、无润滑、开腹手术、年龄<50岁及剖宫产手术。有研究表明,患者术后CRBD发生率与患者BMI、美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级、手术时间及导尿时机(麻醉前后)差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)[15,19-20]。
3.2 CRBD的严重程度
CRBD的严重程度分四级(0~4分)[1,21]:①0分(无):患者在被询问时无任何尿道、膀胱不适;②1分(轻度):患者在被询问时主诉尿道轻度不适;③2分(中度):患者独立报告尿管相关不适,但不伴随任何行为反应;④3分(重度):患者独立报告导尿管相关不适,并伴有行为反应,如强烈的语言反应,肢体乱动试图拔出导尿管等。CRBD严重程度评分≥2为中重度,需要临床处理。经尿道导尿后的疼痛评分为10分,其中0分表示无任何不适;10分表示无法耐受;视觉模拟评分法(Visual Analogue Score,VAS)疼痛评分>3分应该采取措施缓解疼痛[22]。
3.3 CRBD的危害
中重度CRBD可能导致术后膀胱痉挛,增加术后并发症(如切口裂开、出血、再次手术等)的发生率,诱发血流动力学变化、心律失常和冠状动脉疾病的发生,需要临床医生及时干预治疗[4]。同时,中重度CRBD也是患者麻醉苏醒期躁动的主要原因之一。另外,CRBD易致患者术后焦虑,降低围手术期生活质量,影响术后康复,导致住院满意度下降,延长住院时间,增加医务人员工作量[23]。
4 CRBD的预防及治疗措施
4.1 心理干预
术前宣教可以使患者有充分的心理准备,并及时调整患者的心理状态,特别是鼓励既往有导管史的患者放松,以减轻患者焦虑[24]。
4.2 针灸疗法
随着中医在围手术期疼痛治疗中的应用,有研究报道[25],全身麻醉诱导前取关元、中极、足三里及三阴交穴给予经皮穴位电刺激(Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation,TEAS),持续30min结束可减少术中麻醉药物用量,降低中重度CRBD的发生率,缓解术后疼痛,提高患者麻醉恢复期的舒适度。
4.3 导尿管的选择与外科操作
有研究报道,减少较大直径导尿管的使用,在导尿管表面涂抹足够润滑剂可有效预防CRBD的发生[26]。导尿操作时尽量动作轻柔、缓慢减少尿道黏膜与尿管或手术器械的摩擦,且导尿管球囊注水时不宜过多,根据患者的情况必要时尽早拔除导尿管。
4.4 局部麻醉药与局部麻醉
膀胱内壁黏膜上蕴含的神经末梢可以感受来自外界的各种刺激,并将刺激转换为神经冲动传入中枢神经。临床上常用的局部麻醉方法有表面麻醉、局部浸润麻醉及神经阻滞麻醉,这些局部麻醉方法均是通过阻断神经冲动的传入来预防CRBD的发生。MU L等人[27]的一项前瞻性、随机病例对照研究表明,将利多卡因乳膏涂抹在导尿管表面,CRBD的发生率可明显降低。Kim D H等人[3]在一项前瞻性、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究中发现,在麻醉诱导前静脉推注1%利多卡因1.5mg/kg,术中持续静脉输注2mg/(kg·h),术后在麻醉恢复室持续静脉输注1h可以降低男性TURBT患者术后中重度CRBD发生率,同时减少了患者术后24h对阿片类药物的需求量。G?ger Y E等人[28]通过一项随机对照研究发现,行双侧阴茎背神经阻滞(0.25%丁哌卡因10ml)可以减少泌尿外科术后疼痛和CRBD的发生,并减轻患者术后8h的不适症状。
4.5 M受体阻滞剂
抗毒蕈碱预防CRBD的机制是通过降低膀胱平滑肌收缩频率和强度来减轻膀胱逼尿肌过度活动[17]。一项关于阿托品的研究中,给予阿托品15?g/kg联合新斯的明25?g/kg拮抗肌松作用,对照组给予4mg/kg的舒更葡糖,研究发现,阿托品可以安全用于减轻术后CRBD的症状,同时减轻术后恶心、呕吐的发生[29]。除此之外,全身麻醉术后在麻醉恢复室中发生CRBD的患者,应用2%利多卡因(10ml)联合阿托品(0.5mg)经导尿管注入膀胱,药物注射完成后夹闭导尿管20min可联合产生协同作用,注药后30min及1h CRBD的治疗效果较单独应用更好、起效更快[30]。在东莨菪碱治疗CRBD的研究中,拔除气管导管前缓慢静推20mg东莨菪碱可有效降低术后CRBD的发生[31],显著降低TURBT相关CRBD的严重程度,并能够缩短患者在麻醉恢复室的停留时间[32]。Tijani K H等人[33]研究表明,在麻醉诱导前1h口服托特罗定2mg可显著降低CRBD的发生率和严重程度。
4.6 抗癫痫药物
抗癫痫药物的作用机制可能与抑制C型传入纤维的活性有关。根据Srivastava V K等人[34]研究发现,麻醉诱导前1h口服普瑞巴林150mg可显著降低CRBD的发生率和严重程度。另一项经皮肾镜手术的研究结果表明,249例患者术前1h口服加巴喷丁600mg可减少术后CRBD的发生率[35]。Hur M等人[1]对术后0h、1h、6h CRBD的干预措施进行了Meta分析,比较了不同剂量加巴喷丁对术后CRBD的有效性。研究表明,1200mg加巴喷丁在减少CRBD的总体发病率方面最佳,托特罗定在减少术后0h、1h和6h CRBD严重程度的效果最佳。
4.7 非甾体类抗炎药
非甾体类抗炎药的主要作用机制是抑制导尿管刺激引起的局部炎症反应。酮咯酸是预防中重度CRBD有效且安全的选择,需要导尿行机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺根治术(Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy,RALP)的患者,尿道吻合后静脉注射酮咯酸30mg可显著降低术后0h、1h、2h和6h中重度CRBD的发生率[2]。此外,酮咯酸组在术后0h和1h时疼痛评分明显低于对照组,但在术后2h、6h时与对照组相比差异不明显[2]。帕瑞昔布钠在置导尿管前30min静注35mg或手术结束前静脉注射40mg帕瑞昔布钠均可安全、有效地降低TURBT患者CRBD的发生率和严重程度,减轻患者术后疼痛、胃肠道反应发生率及膀胱痉挛次数[36]。
4.8 麻醉药及麻醉辅助药
4.8.1 吸入麻醉药
Kim H C等人[9]研究发现,与异丙酚相比,术中使用七氟醚维持麻醉,术后1h CRBD发生率更低,并且对TURBT患者无严重副作用。在另一篇Kim H C的研究中[10],与地氟醚相比,TURBT患者使用七氟醚可更好地降低术后早期CRBD的发生率。
4.8.2 非巴比妥类镇静药
Moharari R S等人[37]研究表明,麻醉诱导后、导尿前静脉注射氯胺酮(0.5mg/kg)可降低肾切除术患者术后0h、1h CRBD的发生率和严重程度。除了氯胺酮的直接镇痛作用外,最新研究发现,导尿前尿道内注入100mg氯胺酮和5ml利多卡因凝胶也可降低患者在麻醉恢复室时及离开恢复室后1h、2h的CRBD发生率[38]。
4.8.3 α2受体激动药
右美托咪定已被证实在抑制M3受体预防CRBD方面具有良好效果[39]。在麻醉诱导后给予负荷量的右美托咪定1μg/kg,术中0.3~0.5μg/(kg·h)持续泵注至手术结束,术后1h、3h、6h CRBD发生率分别降低28.6%、34.9%和37.2%[40]。另外Singh T K等人[41]一项前瞻性随机双盲研究表明,拔管前30min静脉注射右美托咪定1μg/kg,可降低术后早期CRBD的发生率及严重程度,其术后0h、2h镇静水平高于对照组(P<0.05),且未出现不良反应。SHI H等人[42]將包含607例患者的7项随机对照试验(Randomized Controlled Trial,RCT)纳入分析,结果显示:与安慰剂组相比,术中应用右美托咪定可减轻术后早期CRBD的发生率和严重程度,且不会引起明显的不良反应。但两组患者术后12h、24h的中重度CRBD发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.66)。
4.9 麻醉性镇痛药
4.9.1 阿片类受体激动药
羟考酮属于强效的阿片类药物,通过 κ 和 μ受体减轻内脏痛及排尿冲动,而 μ 受体激动作用能够改变黏膜的感知,抑制肌肉收缩并呈现出剂量依赖性,从而减少排尿冲动[43]。最新的研究报道表明,将手术结束前15min静脉注射羟考酮0.07mg/kg改为手术结束前10min静脉注射0.03mg/kg羟考酮可有效预防CRBD的发生和严重程度[44]。
4.9.2 阿片类激动-拮抗药
阿片类激动-拮抗药主要通过激动 κ 受体产生镇痛作用,镇痛效果强 ,对 μ 受体具有激动和拮抗双重作用。术毕静注喷他佐辛0.6mg/kg可降低神经外科患者全身麻醉恢复期CRBD的发生率及严重程度,且术后数字评分法(Numerical Rating Scale,NRS)、躁动评分和Ramsay镇静评分更优,提高了患者早期恢复质量[45]。ZHANG G F等人[5]研究发现,术前20~30min给予地佐辛0.1mg/kg,拔管后1h CRBD发生率明显低于对照组(20.83% Vs 58.33%;P<0.01);拔管后0h、2h的发生率及严重程度均低于对照组(P<0.05)。
4.9.3 阿片类合成药
曲马多是氨基环己醇组的一种合成阿片,能增强中枢神经系统下行抑制通路的镇痛效应,也是一种对M1、M3毒蕈碱受体有抑制作用的中枢性镇痛药。一项前瞻性随机对照双盲研究表明,当出现中重度CRBD时给予1.5mg/kg曲马多进行治疗,可减轻CRBD的严重程度,并有更好的镇痛效果[8]。
4.10 镁剂
低镁会导致膀胱痉挛和尿频,镁剂在钙离子跨细胞膜的主动运输中起关键作用,可以影响钙离子的交换,减少和稳定平滑肌收缩。有研究表明,在接受TURBT的患者中,全身麻醉诱导后给予负荷量硫酸镁50mg/kg静脉滴注15min,术中以15mg/(kg·h)维持静脉滴注至手术结束,患者术后0h、1h、2h中重度CRBD发生率及严重程度显著降低,手术满意度显著提高[46]。
5 讨论
围手术期为了防止术中、术后尿潴留的发生,避免膀胱损伤及监测尿量,指导围手术期的液体治疗及开展相关的临床应用,根据手术时间、手术类型及麻醉方式的不同,很多手术选择留置导尿管,但随之带来的不良反应也越来越明显。在麻醉苏醒室,中重度CRBD患者难以忍受疼痛,需要给予干预治疗。近年来针对CRBD的临床研究越来越多,一些药物的应用已取得一定临床疗效,药物干预虽然可以减轻相应的膀胱刺激征,但也会带来相应的不良反应,如M受体阻滞剂易导致口干、视力调节障碍及头晕、呕吐的风险;阿片类易导致嗜睡、苏醒延迟及呼吸抑制等风险;神经阻滞有感染出血和神经损伤的风险。大多数药物均可降低CRBD的发生率及严重程度,但仅在术后0h、1h比较明显,作用时间相对较短。临床实践中,虽然预防及治疗CRBD已经取得了一系列进展,但缺乏精准方案,围手术期如何选择安全有效的多模式预防措施是围手术期舒适化医疗的研究方向,也是临床急需解决的问题,需要进一步的临床研究提供循证医学证据。
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