Plant Community Diversity in Dongtian Forest Park, Meizhou City, South China

Qihe YANG, Zhiqi LI, Hesheng YANG, Lihui MO

Abstract Dongtian Park is a forest park in Dongtian Lake Ecological Tourism Resort in Meizhou City， South China. Through investigation and analysis of sample methods of the forest community structure and plant diversity in this park， the results showed that there were 181 plant species， belonging to 138 genera in 76 families， including 48 trees， 60 shrubs， 36 herbs and 37 lianas. The flora is a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest with some distinct tropical properties， and evergreen trees accounted for 48.62% of total plant species. The dominant species in the tree layer were Schima superba， Pinus massoniana， Cinnamomum parthenoxylon， etc.， and those in the shrub layer were Bambusa textilis， Aidia cochinchinensis， Rhaphiolepis indica， etc.， and in herb layer were Carex baccans， Adiantum flabellulatum， Cibotium barometz， etc.， and the lianas mainly included Smilax hypoglauca， Callerya dielsiana， Trachelospermum jasminoides， etc. There were few adults of dominant species in the tree layer， S. superba and P. massoniana also lacked seedlings， they would still maintain their dominant position for a quite long period， but Cyclobalanopsis neglecta had sufficient seedling reserves and would be most likely to become a dominant species in future. The community had relatively rich species， many ferns and lianas and complex hierarchy. The evenness， Shannon-Wiener diversity， Pielou uniformity and Simpson index were higher in the shrub layer than in the tree and herb layer， and the Simpson index was the lowest （0.928 0） in the herb layer and Shannon-Wiener diversity index was the highest （7.585 3） in the liana layer.

Key words Dongtian Park; Forest Community; Diversity; Flora; Meizhou

Received： January 2， 2023  Accepted： March 3， 2023

Supported by Guangdong Provincial Science & Technology Innovation and Rural Revitalization Strategy in 2021（2021A0305）; Guangdong Science and Technology Plan Project （2020B121201013）; Guangdong Base Hakka Research Institute Bidding Project in 2020 （20KYKT09）; Characteristic Innovation Project of Guangdong General Universities in 2019 （2019KTSCX171）; Basic Education Research Project of Jiaying University in 2021 （JCJY20211001）.

Qihe YANG （1969-）， male， P. R. China， professor， devoted to research about plant ecology.

*Corresponding author. E-mail： yangqh@jyu.edu.cn.

Meizhou City is located in Northeast Guangdong Province of South China and listed as "national forest city" and "Longevity Capital of the World". Dongtian Park 25 km away from the urban district of Meizhou City is a small well-known local forest park and an important part of Dongtian Lake Eco-tourism Resort which is a developing scenic area based on the scenery of water conservancy projects， also a scenic spot with the connotation of modern and traditional water culture. The total planning area of 22 km2 has spectacular water conservancy projects， beautiful natural scenery and more colorful cultural landscape. The forest coverage rate of Meizhou City reached 74.35%， ranking 1st in Guangdong Province， and the excellent urban air quality rate ranked 1st for five consecutive years［1-2］. There is a relatively complete primitive secondary forest in Dongtian Park. Secondary forests are the main body and important bases of Chinas forest resources playing an important efficiency in water and soil conservation， regulating climate and maintaining ecological balance.

Plant restoration is the basic form of ecological restoration， and a test to develop tourism resources and balance the relationship between tourism resources and the ecological environment［3］. Therefore， it is necessary to understand some basic attributes of ecosystem， such as the law of dynamic plant community， and make clear the dominant or constructive species， ecological stability and plasticity， and ecosystem stability transformation， so as to formulate effective ecological restoration and protection measures［4］. At present， some studies have been carried out on this park， mainly focusing on rural tourism development planning［5］， but with little research on its plant communities. This paper intended to investigate the main structural characteristics and plant diversity in Dongtian Forest Park， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for protection and care， and management of forest resource in the water conservancy scenic area.

Overview of Survey Sites and Survey Methods

Overview of the survey site

The geographical coordinates of Meizhou City are 115°18′-116°56′ E and 23°23′-24°56′ N， and it is a mountainous and hilly area with a terrain high to the southwest， low in the northeast. Meizhou is located in a transition zone having a southern subtropical and medium subtropical climate， with rain and heat， dry and cold respectively in same period. It has an average annual temperature of 21.3 ℃， sunshine hours of 1 874.2 h， rainfall of 1 528.5 mm， a relative humidity of 77%， and a frost-free period of 306 d［6］.

Investigation method

Sample setting and investigation

In Jan.-May 2021， 16 large samples were set along the forest path， each above 50 m apart. Each large sample quadrat area was 10 m × 10 m， and all trees （DBH ≥5 cm） were surveyed. After random selection of 2 shrub quadrats of 2 m×2 m and 2 herb quadrats of 1 m×1 m in the large sample quadrats， all individuals in the shrub and herb layer in these quadrats were investigated and recorded respectively. The species name， number， DBH and height of the individuals in the tree layer were recorded; the species name， number， coverage of individuals in the shrub （DBH <5 cm， height ≥ 50 cm） layer and herb layer were recorded （herbs， ferns， and seedlings of tree and shrub species at a height below 50 cm were all classified into individuals in herb layer）.

Data processing and statistical analysis

Referring to the relevant research methods［7-9］， the methods of processing and analysis of data obtained from the survey were given below.

（1） Growth index： Average height， DBH， Base diameter， etc.

（2） Community characteristic index： The relative advantage of the tree layer was calculated by cross-sectional area at breast height， and that of the shrub and herb layer was calculated by the coverage.

① Important Value （IV） = Relative density （RD）+Relative advantage （RA）+Relative frequency （RF）.

② Relative Density （DR） =Density of a certain species/Density of all species×100.

③ Relative advantage = Advantage of a certain species/Advantages of all species×100.

④ Relative frequency = Frequency of a certain species/Frequencies of all species×100.

（3） Plant diversity index：

① Margalef index （D）= （S-1）/log2N;

② Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index （H）=-∑si=1（Pi）ln（Pi）;

③ Community evenness （E）=H/lgS;

④ Simpson index （D）=1-∑si=1ni（ni-1）N（N-1）;

⑤ Pielou evenness index （J）=HlnS.

In the above formulas， n is the total number of individuals of a certain species; ni is the number of individuals of species i; Pi is the ratio of ni to total number of individuals of all species; N is the total number of species within all the survey sample quadrats.

（4） Age structure division： By using diameter grade instead of age grade， the tree species were divided into 5 levels according to breast diameter （DBH） and height （H） （Table 1）.

（5） Flora division： The flora of genera and families of seed plants were divided by the method of Li （1996）［10］ and Wu （1991）［11］， and that of ferns were divided by the method of Zang （1998）［12］.

Results

Overall analysis of the community species composition

Composition of genera and families in the community

There were 181 plants in the survey area， belonging to 138 genera in 76 families （Table 2）. The plants were mainly dicotyledons， representing 77.47% of the total species. The family with the most species was Rubiaceae （16 species， 14 genera）. There were 37 families with only 1 species， representing 46.68% of total families. There were 105 genera with only 1 species， representing 76.09% of total genera， 26 genera with 2 species， representing 18.84%， 5 with 3， 3.62%， and 2 with 4， 1.45%， and only 1 genus with 5 species was Castanopsis， 0.73%.

The families containing multiple woody species included Fagaceae （9 species belonging to 3 genera）， Lauraceae （7 species， 3 genera）， Rubiaceae （6， 6）， Rosaceae （6， 5）， Theaceae（6， 5）; and those containing relatively many liana species included Liliaceae （4 species belonging to 1 genus， Smilax）， Fabaceae （4， 3 ） and 4 Vitaceae （4， 3）. The herbs were mainly ferns， accounting for 65.79% of herb species. The families with multiple species were Pteridaceae （3 species belonging to 1 genus Pteris）， Thelypteridaceae， Gleicheniaceae， Lindsaeaceae and Cyperaceae， and the latter 4 families all included 3 species to 2 genera.

Growth types of species in the community

The ratio of evergreen to deciduous species was nearly 13：2. The proportion of evergreen trees was much greater than that of deciduous species （Fig. 1）. In this community， the species of Fagaceae （9 species） and Theaceae （6） were all evergreen woody， reflecting the vegetation characteristics of this Park in the subtropical monsoon climate zone.

Structure feature in the community

This community had distinct vertical structure with 3 main layers： tree， shrub and herb layer. The species with the most IV （important value） in tree layer was Schima superba， and other 8 species with IV were above 10. In addition to the adults of shrub species， the species in the shrub layer also included tree species whose young treelets or saplings had a breast diameter of below 5 cm and a height of above 50 cm， and those in the herb layer was mainly ferns as well as shrub and tree seedlings of H<50 cm， and only 1 annual herb （Eragrostis pilosa）. In addition， there were relatively many lianas throughout the 3 layers， such as Cudrania fruticosa， Bauhinia championii and Tetrastigma planicaule.

Growth status and IV of species in tree layer

There were 46 species belonging to 36 genera in 28 families （Table 3）. The family with the most species was Fagaceae including 9 species： Castanopsis kawakamii， C. hystrix， Lithocarpus glaber， C. fissa， C. carlesii， Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia， L. corneus， Cyclobalanopsis neglecta and Castanopsis chinensis， and that with the second most species was Lauraceae including 5 species： Neolitsea levinei， Cinnamomum parthenoxylon， Machilus chekiangensis， M. salicina and Litsea cubeba. The trees with IV in the top 10 were Schima superba， Pinus massoniana， C. parthenoxylon， Illicium ternstroemioides， Castanopsis fissa， Pentaphylax euryoides， Altingia chinensis， Itea chinensis， Evodia glabrifolia and Artocarpus hypargyreus.

The tree layer could be divided into 3 sublayers. Sublayer I reached a height above 15 m， and the trees were mainly Cinnamomum porrectum， Schima superba， Pinus massoniana， Altingia gracilipes， A. chinensis， E. glabrifolia， and in this sublayer， the individuals belonging to Fagaceae was the most. Sublayer II reached 7-15 m， the species in this sublayer were mainly A. hypargyreus， I. ternstroemioides， I. chinensis， Garcinia multiflora， and Cyclobalanopsis bambusaefolia， and the trees were more than in other 2 sublayers. Sublayer III reached 3-7 m， and those were mainly Ilex triflorad， Loropetalum chinense， Photinia prunifolia （Fig. 2）. The average height of tree layer was 11.45 m， and the average DBH was 12.52 cm， and that of A. chinensis， Castanopsis hystrix， E. glabrifolia， C. fissa， or P. massoniana was above 20 cm.

Qihe YANG et al. Plant Community Diversity in Dongtian Forest Park， Meizhou City， South China

Growth status and IV of plants in shrub layer

There were 71 species belonging to 59 genera in 32 families in shrub layer. The species with IV in the top 10 were， in turn， Bambusa textilis， Aidia cochinchinensis sapling， Rhaphiolepis indica， Rhodomyrtus tomentosa， Ilex triflora， Syzygium buxifolium， Strobilanthes dalzielii， Gardenia jasminoides， Ardisia quinquegona and P. euryoides sapling. The species with the most IV was B. textilis （Table 4）. There were more tree saplings， accounting for 30.74% of the total number of individuals， and less shrub individuals， but more shrub species accounting for 66.19% of the total species. There were 4 species in both Rubiaceae and Rosaceae， Tarenna mollissima， Psychotria asiatica， Adina pilulifera and G. jasminoides in Rubiaceae， R. indica， Rosa cymosa， Rubus leucanthus and Laurocerasus spinulosa in Rosaceae. There were 3 species in Moraceae， Ficus variolosa， Broussonetia kaempferi and F. microcarpa. S. dalzielii ranked 7th in the IV of this layer， appearing only in 1 sample square with low relative frequency but the highest relative density， indicating it presented a high density of sheet-like distribution in the local range. The average height and base diameter of individuals in the shrub layer was 136.79 and 0.79 cm， respectively. There were various lianas in good growth condition.

Growth status and IV of plants in the herb layer

There were 86 species belonging to 70 genera （Table 5）， and the proportion of trees and shrubs whose seedlings was in this layer reached nearly 60% of the total species number. The family with most species was Euphorbiaceae including 6 species. The species with the most individuals was the C. bambusaefolia （seedlings）， which could be found inside and outside the quadrats and mostly concentrated near maternal plants， but compared with other trees， there were few adults. C. bambusaefolia （seedlings） also had the highest IV in herb layer with the largest relative cover， nearly 18%， accounting for an absolute advantage， while that with the second IV was Carex baccans.

Six ferns ranked within the top 10 of IV were Adiantum flabellulatum， Cibotium barometz， Dicranopteris pedata， Selaginella doederleinii， Cyclosorus parasiticus and Blechnum orientale. Ophiorrhiza pumila ranked 9th and was the only herbal dicotyledon in the top ten of IV. In this layer， Ormosia semicastrata seedlings ranked 7th （Table 5）， indicating that the species has a sufficient seedling reserve. In this layer， except for tree and shrub seedlings， there were 34 species belonging to 26 genera in 21 families， most of which were ferns， and fewer were angiosperms including only 10 species （nearly 30% of herbs）： Dianella ensifolia， E. pilosa， Piper sarmentosum， Alpinia oblongifolia， O. pumila， Gahnia tristis， C. baccans， Carex chinensis， Elatostema involucratum and Floscopa scandens. Among these herbs， C. barometz （Dicksoniaceae） and Alsophila podophylla （Cyatheaceae） were both national protected plants， and small distribution of both could be found within and outside the survey area.

Species and their growth conditions of lianas

There were relatively many interlayer plants， namely lianas. Individuals with a height of above 50 cm accounted for 52.41% of the total number of liana individuals which included 37 species belonging to 30 genera in 19 families， most of which were Smilax hypoglauca， Callerya dielsiana， Trachelospermum jasminoides and Alyxia sinensis. The ratio of woody lianas to herbal ones was 27：5， and evergreen woody lianas accounted for about 73%， and the most species and individuals were both in Smilax. Some individuals of C. fruticosa， B. championii and T. planicaule exceeded 10 m in length， and the individuals of C. fruticosab among them were not many with the density of only 38/hm2， but reached 25 m in length， 18 cm in DBH， and all recorded individuals climbed to the tree layer.

Age structure of main tree species

The age structure of tree species above the top 5 of IV in tree layer was shown in Fig. 3. For S. superba， with the highest IV in tree layer， it lacked the individuals of Grade I and V， Grade II， III and IV gradually increased， and its population was generally declining. For a certain time， it would still maintain its growth advantage and play an important role in the community， as the community succession would be replaced by other species. C. porrectum had only the individuals of Grade IV and V， but no those of Grade I， II and III， and its population growth was declining. Other 3 species， P. massoniana， I. ternstroemioides， C. fissa had a relatively rich seedling bank， and their young-age individuals （Grade I， II， III） were more than old-age ones （Grade IV， V）. Overall， their populations belonged to the growing type.

It could be seen from Table 6， a large proportion of individuals of Grade I， II and III in the survey area was above 70% and fewer adult trees. For P. massoniana and C. fissa， adult individuals are often above 20 m and DBH above 50 cm， so fewer adults could be found in the community. Few adult trees were in Dongtian Park Forest， and the early human disturbance， or even destruction （near villages， cutting for paid materials） was one of the important reasons. P. massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata in the forest， mainly were artificially planted later， and partly formed by the germination and growth after the introduction of seeds outside the sample plot.

Community diversity

From Table 6， the evenness， Pielou uniformity， and Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the shrub layer were all higher than those in the tree and herb layer， which indicated the species were more diverse and evenly distributed in the shrub layer. There were more tree and shrub seedlings in the herb layer， and the species richness in the shrub layer was similar to the herb one， but the Simpson index of the herb layer was the lowest， indicating that the dominant species in this layer were relatively obvious and had low uniformity. The species richness was low in tree layer， but the advantages of domain trees， such as S. superba， I. ternstroemioides， P. euryoides， I. chinensis and A. hypargyreus， were higher.

The species richness and Margalef index in the liana layer were the lowest， but the evenness and Pielou uniformity index were the highest， so the Shannon-Wiener diversity was relatively high. However， the lianas were mostly climbing vines， and above half of liana seedlings were distributed in the herb layer. With its growth， they were likely to be at an advantage in the seedling competition， inhibiting the growth of other tree and shrub seedlings.

Community flora

There were 7 geographic distribution types in the families （Table 7） among which those belonging the pan-tropical distribution type were the most （about 64% of total families）， followed by world distribution （17%）， north temperate distribution and variants （11%）. In general， tropical distribution types （including areal-type 2-7） accounted for nearly 70%， including the main dominant families， such as Fagaceae， Lauraceae， Rubiaceae， Rosaceae and Camelliaceae， indicating that the flora had obvious tropical properties.

There were 12 geographic distribution types in genera， more than in families， but the distribution type with the most genera was also pan-tropical. The genera belonging to tropical distribution were about 74%， those to temperate distribution （including 8-10） were about 15%. Loropetalum， Stauntonia， Bredia， and Firmiana are East Asian distribution type， while Cunninghamia is endemic to China type. To sum up， the survey area was in obvious subtropic， but the Northern Temperate composition accounted for a certain proportion and was also the important component of this community， reflecting species complexity of the forest community.

Discussion

Reservoir scenic area is the fastest developing and largest scenic area in China in recent years［3-4］. As an important part of Mesi Reservoir Water Conservancy Scenic Area， Dongtian Park has a complex forest structure and an ability of water conservation. Its community had similar characteristics to other secondary forests in South China［14］， and there were few adults of dominant trees， such as S. superba， P. massoniana， C. parthenoxylon， etc.， but immature individuals occupied above 70%， indicating that the community was in secondary succession and the dominant position of these dominant species can be maintained for a long time.

The seedling reserve of C. bambusaefolia was rich， so during the coming community succession， it is likely to replace its surrounding plants and even occupy a dominant position， excluding species with less seedling reserves such as A. hypargyreus and I. chinensis. R. tomentosa and C. barometz are acid soil indication plants in subtropical areas， other species with higher IV， such as G. jasminoides， S. superba and A. hypargyreus， like to grow in acid soil， which complies with the red soil in hilly areas in South China［15］. Dongtian Park was rich in lianas and ferns， and the growth type of lianas was closely related to warm and wet environment［16］. Ferns represented about 67% of herbs， whose main distribution type is the pan-tropical and dominant genus is Pteris with 3 species， which is consistent with the regional study of East Guangdong by Zeng et al.［17］. The distribution type of seed plants in the park is the same as those of forest community in Qimuzhang Mountain and Tonggufeng Mountain showing strong tropical properties［15，17］. The R/T （tropical/temperate composition） value in Qimuzhang was 3.83， in Tongguzhang was 3.5， but in Dongtian Park reached 4.29 with less temperate composition， which coincides with the southern subtropical marginal climate of these areas. Dongtian Park is at the altitude below 300 m， and the aforementioned two mountains are at above 1 000 m. There is more temperate distribution at higher altitude， thus similar to the regional distribution of vascular plants， especially the pan-tropical distribution is the most. However， the R/T value varied greatly， due to the relatively high altitude of Yinnashan Mountain［7］， the vertical change significantly increased the proportion of temperate composition.

In recent years， the rural revitalization strategy has advanced rapidly in China， and a number of forest parks， agricultural sightseeing and tourist areas， and leisure resorts have been built in the mountainous areas in Northeast Guangdong. Compared with other scenic spots in Meizhou City， such as Yanminghu Scenic Area and Yannanfei Tea Field Scenic Area， Dongtian Park has a small number of tourists and low degree of development， good habitat， less vegetation interference， and a relatively complex forest community structure. At present， the local government in the road， water conservancy and other infrastructure construction has planted a large number of P. massoniana， C. lanceolata， Eucalyptus robusta for vegetation restoration and forest care. After the development of Qiaoxi Village into a resort， the invasion of alien plants caused by artificial activities［7］， but no more threatening invasive species were found in Dongtian Park because of relatively complete and stable community structure， a small number of tourists and less interference in human-made activities. Therefore， in the development of scenic spots， it should be paid attention to protecting ecological environment， and strengthening the behavior constraints of tourists in the scenic spots and enhancing monitoring forest environment to reduce risk of alien plant invasion and ecological damage. In recent years， Meizhou City is prone to high temperature， drought and other extreme weather， and the forest cover rate is high， which is easy to cause wildfires， especially in the past 10 years. It has shown that plant spatial heterogeneity has a significant causal relationship with the fire occurrence， and the fire spread rate in forests with high heterogeneity is relatively slow［18］. Only by maintaining the complexity and integrity of forest structure in this park， its good ecological function can be ensured. Therefore， it is necessary to pay continuous attention to environmental factors to master the changes of community structure， which can provide more scientific basic data for the early warning of forest disaster and maintain the stability of forest ecosystem.

Conclusion

There were 181 plant species in the forest community of Dongtian Park in Mei County， including 154 species belonging to 118 genera in 60 families of angiosperm， 3 species belonging to 3 genera in 3 families of gymnosperm， 24 species belonging to 17 genera in 13 families of ferns. The community was a typical subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest， in which the species composition was dominated by dicotyledon evergreen trees， the lianas were mainly woody vines， and the herbs were mostly ferns. The dominant families were Fagaceae， Lauraceae and Rubiaceae. The dominant species were S. superba， A. hypargyreus， I. ternstroemioides， etc.， the population of the first 2 species shown a recession trend， but that of the last was stable. Tropical distribution type occupied a significant advantage in the flora. The forest community had high species richness， uniform distribution， clear vertical structure and high species diversity. The evenness， Pielou uniformity index， Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson index in the shrub layer were the largest， while the Margalef index was the largest， but the Simpson index was the smallest in the herb layer. There was less human disturbance in the community， no threatening invasive species and vegetation were relatively well maintained， and the community was in the middle and early stage of secondary succession.

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