解密Paraphrase 命题法，提高阅读解题能力——以2021—2022 年高考英语阅读理解为例

韩玉梅

（新疆昌吉州第一中学）

高考英语在学科关键能力方面重点考查学生的英语语言解码能力及阅读理解能力。除了语篇宏观组织结构的理解，如段际、语篇各部分与主题之间的关系、语篇类型等，微观组织结构中的必备知识，如词汇、短语搭配、句子、信息展开方式等的掌握也直接影响了学生对语篇的理解及信息的获取。高考阅读理解的设题及对信息的处理通常会采用Paraphrase 技巧，学生若想准确高效地理解语篇文本信息与问题信息的对应，解决阅读理解的问题，那么掌握Paraphrase 技巧是必要的。

一、Paraphrase 概念及使用

Paraphrase 英文意为“to express what sb.has said or written using different words,especially in order to make it easier to understand”，汉语意为“（用更容易理解的文字）解释，意译”，也可以理解为语义转换。在阅读试题中，命题者普遍采用Paraphrase 技巧，通过替换目标词汇或短语，或者通过“换句话说”重新建构意义相同的新句子，考查学生基于英语必备知识及关键能力对文本语篇的理解。

【高考链接】[2022 年全国乙卷阅读理解C 篇]

28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?

A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.

B.Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.

C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.

D.Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.

【解析】本题的正确选项为A 项。在本题中，有四处采用了Paraphrase 技巧。对比C 篇阅读第二段前两句：Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines...可以看出，原文的动词use 在正确选项中被替换成了名词use，原文中的examine 被替换成同义词check，而原文中的high-tension electrical lines则简化成了更易理解的power lines。此外，问题中的makes the application of drones to rail lines possible（使得无人机应用于铁路成为可能）转述了原文could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines（能同样精确地监测铁路），从而形成了相同意义的转换。

二、解构Paraphrase 命题技巧

（一）词汇及短语的转换

1.同义/近义替换

对目标词汇及短语采用Paraphrase 技巧进行设题，最常用的就是同义或近义词及短语的替换，具体表现在单词与单词之间，单词与短语之间的互换。

【高考链接】[2022 年全国甲卷阅读理解D 篇]

33.What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?

A.He goes to work by boat.

B.He looks forward to a new life.

C.He pilots catamarans well.

D.He is attached to the old ferries.

【解析】本题的正确选项为D 项。第二段第一句“Andrew Reynolds...pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living.”说明了Andrew Reynolds 的工作，第三段中的“I’ll miss these old boats”和第五段中 的“they’re replacing them with catamarans”可以看出Andrew Reynolds 对old boats 被替代的惋惜。原文中的old boats 同义替换为选项中的old ferries，原文中的miss（想念）被近义替换为选项中的be attached to（依依不舍）。D.He is attached to the old ferries.意为：Andrew Reynolds 怀念过去的渡船。

【高考链接】[2022 年全国甲卷阅读理解C 篇]

29.What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?

A.Lovely penguins.

B.Beautiful scenery.

C.A discount fare.

D.A friend’s invitation.

【解析】本题的题干把原文第三段第三句中的“I just decided I wanted to go”的直接引语转换为第三人称的表述，文中“she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego...”中的“last-minute cheap deals”本意为“最后一刻的便宜交易”，也可以译为“最后一分钟的优惠”，on ships going to ...可理解为“坐船去某地”，所以本题答案为C.A discount fare.即“打折的（船）票”。

同义或近义Paraphrase 替换

2.反义替换

除了使用同义词和近义词进行语义替换之外，反义词或“否定词+反义词”也是Paraphrase 的常用技巧，通常表现为正话反说。

【高考链接】[2022 年新高考Ⅱ卷阅读A 篇]

23.What are children prohibited from doing at the Museum?

A.Using the computer.

B.Talking with each other.

C.Touching the exhibits.

D.Exploring the place alone.

【解析】题干中主语children，处所at the Museum，动词prohibit someone from doing sth.,禁止某人做某事，对应文中的“Children are not allowed unaccompanied in all areas of the Museum.”意为：不允许孩子们在没有陪同的情况下（游览）博物馆的各个区域。其中 allow 被反义替换为prohibit，unaccompanied 被同义替换为alone,故答案圈定为D.Exploring the place alone.即“禁止孩子独自探索本场所。”

反义Paraphrase 替换

3.词类转换

采用构词法对目标词汇进行同义替换也屡见不鲜，较常使用的Paraphrase 有转类法和派生法，如amount 在文中可能当名词使用，在题干或选项中被转类成了动词，admit 加后缀,被替换成其派生名词admission。

【高考链接】[2022 年全国乙卷阅读理解C 篇]

29.What does“maintenance”underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to ?

A.Personnel safety.

B.Assistance from drones.

C.Inspection and repair.

D.Construction of infrastructure.

【解析】本题考查猜词能力。第三段第二句“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance,including sending maintenance staff,often at night,to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.”中的including后面的动词解释了上文中maintenance 的具体工作，其后的动词inspect 和 repair 在选项中被替换成了名词inspection and repair。

词类Paraphrase 转换

4.简化及合并替换

在语言表述中，作为定语的修饰语可以采用后置限定，这种修饰方式一般包括了多个单词，而设题时往往采用更加简洁的修饰方式，采用前置限定。

【高考链接】[2022 年全国乙卷阅读理解A 篇]

23.How can full-time students get group discounts?

A.They should go on Sunday mornings.

B.They should come from art schools.

C.They must be led by teachers.

D.They must have ID cards with them.

【解析】题干中信息词full-time，group,discount,对应了文章最后一段中“A special low entrance charge of ￡2 per person is available to all in full-time education,up to and including those at first degree level,in organised groups with teachers.”题干中进行前置修饰，对象为full-time students，A special low entrance charge of ￡2 被 简 化 为discount。in organised groups with teachers 是 获 得团体折扣的条件，所以答案为C，即由老师带领组织的团体享有折扣。

另外，一连串的动词及描述语也可以简化或合并为一个浓缩词。

【高考链接】[2021 年全国甲卷阅读理解C 篇]

28.What can we learn about the author soon after he moved to London?

A.He felt disappointed.

B.He gave up his hobby.

C.He liked the weather there.

D.He had disagreements with his family.

【解析】本题有两处采用了简化处理。首先，题干中 moved to London 对文章第一段第一句中的“wepacked up our homein Los Angeles andarrived atHeathrow,London on a gray January morning”的黑体动词进行了语义合并，意为搬到了伦敦。选项A 中的“disappointed”对文章第一段 第二句“Withoutmybelovedbeaches andendlessblue-sky days,I feltat a loss and out of place”的环境冲突及情绪变化进行了概括。

Paraphrase 的简化及合并替换

5.同族广义/具象替换

语义替换还可以发生在同畴词族内，采用语义包含或具象的方式。

【高考链接】[2022 年全国甲卷阅读理解B 篇]

25.Which task canhuman one-year-oldsmost likely complete according to the text?

A.Using a key to unlock a door.

B.Telling parrots from other birds.

C.Putting a ball into a round hole.

D.Grouping toys of different shapes.

【解析】题干中human one-year-olds 简化了文章中的In humans,babies... from around one year of age 的表述指代，babies can put a round shape in a round hole 的表述在正确选项Putting a ball into a round hole 中用ball 具象化了a round shape，用具体的例子解释了原文中的形状描述。

在同族替换中，使用广义的上一级目录归属方式可以避免意义偏差，消除争议。

【高考链接】[2022 年全国乙卷阅读理解D 篇]

32.Why was the sugar tax introduced?

A. To collect money for schools.

B. To improve the quality of drinks.

C. To protect children’s health.

D. To encourage research in education.

【解析】文章第二段第一句“First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5 g of sugar per 100 ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖).”中childhood obesity，意为“儿童肥胖”，属于儿童健康大范畴，因此reduce childhood obesity，实际上就是protect children’s health。故选C。

Paraphrase 的同族广义或具象替换

（二）句子的转换

阅读理解设题时受题干和选项的词数限制，往往会对语篇中的长句进行缩句或简化处理，为了考查学生对句子和句法的知识掌握，以及语篇的理解，设题时还会采取“换一句话”的替换方式。

1.句子顺序调换

把目标句的主语和宾语在设定句中进行调换，使得原来的宾语变为主语。

【高考链接】[2022 年全国甲卷阅读理解A 篇]

21.Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted?

A.At the New Theatre.

B.At the Glee Club.

C.At Sherman Cymru.

D.At St David’s Hall.

【解析】本题题目使用了被动表述，对应文中的目标句“St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff”，把原来的宾语Welsh Proms Cardiff替换成了题干中的主语。

主宾互换位置的替换方式如下：

①主动句和被动句的互转

把目标句的主动表达改为题干或选项中的被动表达，或者被动改为主动是比较基本的变换方式。

【高考链接】[2022 年新高考Ⅱ卷阅读A 篇]

22.How many chaperones are needed for a group of 30 children to visit the Museum?

A.One. B.Two.

C.Three. D.Four.

【解析】本题答案为C。题干把文章中We require one chaperone（监护人）per ten children.的主动表述替换成了被动表达。

②主动和使动互换

使动用法通常使用在have/let/make/get sth.done 结构中。

【高考链接】[2022 年全国乙卷阅读理解D 篇]

33.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?

A.They turned to overseas markets.

B.They raised the prices of their products.

C.They cut down on their production.

D.They reduced their products’ sugar content.

【解析】本题对应的文章中的目标句为“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）”.主语为half of soft drinks，谓语使用了have sth.done 的结构，在正确选项中主语为they，替代了原句中的宾语manufacturers，改为了主动表述。故本题答案为D。

③同义替换

目标句与设定句的主宾顺序替换遵循的原则是同义替换，句式可以灵活多样。

【高考链接】[2021 年全国乙卷阅读理解D 篇]

34.What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?

【解析】本题题干采用了Paraphrase 技巧，把文章中“So why do so many of us hate our open offices?”中的hate 替换成 make sth.unwelcome to sb.,调换了主语和宾语的顺序。

【高考链接】[2022 年全国甲卷阅读理解D 篇]

35.Which statement will the author probably agree with ?

A.A city can be young and old at the same time.

B.A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.

C.Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.

D.Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.

【解析】本题的正确选项为A。A city can be young and old at the same time.调换了主宾顺序，改写了文中的目标句：On the other hand,being young and old at the same time has its attractions.

2.简化替换

把文章中的长句进行简化，一般采用合句、删减或概括的方法。

【高考链接】[2022 年新高考Ⅰ卷阅读B 篇]

27.What does Curtin suggest people do ?

A.Buy only what is needed.

B.Reduce food consumption.

C.Go shopping once a week.

D.Eat in restaurants less often.

【解析】对比文章中的目标句：“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat.”命题者设题只使用了whether 的部分，即不要购买超出需要的食物，替换成正确答案Buy only what is needed.

【高考链接】[2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D 篇]

32.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?

A.It can be measured by an IQ test.

B.It helps to exercise a person’s mind.

C.It includes a set of emotional skills.

D.It refers to a person’s positive qualities.

【解析】文章中的目标句很长，可以采用删减的方式进行简化。Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test,such as character,motivation,confidence,mental stability,optimism and“people skills”....emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities.删减后desirable 对应选项中的positive，因此正确选项为D。

句子的Paraphrase

三、教学建议

高考虽然没有雅思和托福考试中的Paraphrase的替换题，但是Paraphrase 的命题技巧无处不在，这就要求教师给予其足够重视，并在教学中进行有意识地引导。在平时的教学及复习备考中，针对新词汇和短语，坚持进行英英释义，让学生养成用英语思维的习惯；进行词汇复习或学习时，利用同义词、反义词、构词法、语义词群、记忆法等进行词语替换、词类替换、词语拓展，建立词汇语义网，提高学生词语替换意识和能力；设置或练习句子的Paraphrase，包括解释长难句，简化复杂句，对句子进行概括、缩写、改写、扩写等；基于语篇解读需求，设置相应句子替换练习，帮助学生在培养句子多样性表述能力的同时，提高文本理解及解题能力。