名词的考查方向及应试策略

田安年

（甘肃省武威市民勤县第四中学）

名词的考查在每年高考中的阅读理解、完形填空、语法填空、短文改错，甚至书面表达中都会有所体现。传统的语法教学多是从语法填空和短文改错层面分析其考点，而忽视其在其他题型中的考查。本文明确了不同题型考查特点及应对策略。

一、名词在各类题型中的考查重点

二、专有名词考向探究

专有名词顾名思义就是专门用来表示人名、地名、国家、组织、机构、河流、山脉等特有名称的名词，其显著特征是首字母大写。如Li Hua、Beijing、the United States、the Yellow River 等。专有名词的可辨识性强，在阅读理解和书面表达的命题中应用较多。

考向一：阅读理解中专有名词的辨识

阅读理解中的专有名词是命题人确定命题思路的关键信息，也是设置干扰项和增加解题难度的一种有效手段，在A 篇、C 篇和D 篇阅读中表现尤甚。考生只要把握专有名词首字母大写的这一特征，就能够有效降低阅读难度，提高解题的准确率。

【例1】（2022 •全国甲卷•阅读理解• A 篇）

Theatres and Entertainment

St David’s Hall

St David’s Hall is the award winning National Concert Hall of Wales standing at the very heart of Cardiff’s entertainment centre.With an impressive 2 000-seat concert hall,St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff.It presents live entertainment,including pop,rock,folk,jazz,musicals,dance,world music,films and classical music.

The Hayes,Cardiff CF10 1AH

www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk

The Glee Club

Every weekend this is“Wales”premier comedy club where having a great time is the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike.It is hard to name a comedy star who hasn’t been on the stage here.If you are looking for the best comedies on tour and brilliant live music,you should start here.

Mermaid Quay,Cardiff Bay,Cardiff CF10 5BZ

www.glee.co.uk/cardiff

Sherman Cymru

Sherman Cymru’s theatre in the Cathays area of Cardiff reopened in February 2012.This special building is a place in which theatre is made and where children,artists,writers and anyone else have the opportunity（机 会）to do creative things.Sherman Cymru is excited to present a packed programme of the very best theatre,dance,family shows and music from Wales and the rest of the world.

Senghennydd Road,Cardiff CF24 4YE

www.shermancymru.co.uk

New Theatre

The New Theatre has been the home of quality drama,musicals,dance and children’s shows for more than 100 years.Presenting the best of the West End along with the pick of the UK’s touring shows,the New Theatre is Cardiff’s oldest surviving traditional theatre.Be sure to pay a visit as part of your stay in the city.

Park Place,Cardiff CF10 3LN

www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk

21.Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted?

A.At the New Theatre.

B.At the Glee Club.

C.At Sherman Cymru.

D.At St David’s Hall.

22.What can people do at the Glee Club?

A.Watch musicals.

B.Enjoy comedies.

C.See family shows.

D.Do creative things.

23.Which website can you visit to learn about Cardiff’s oldest surviving theatre?

A.www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk

B.www.shermancymru.co.uk

C.www.glee.co.uk/cardiff

D.www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk

【答案】21.D 22.B 23.A

【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四家具有代表性的剧院和俱乐部的相关信息。

【解析】

21.细节理解题。从设题的关键词“the Welsh Proms Cardiff”可定位至St David’s Hall部分第二句中的“St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff”。由此可知，St David’s Hall 是它的主办场地。故选D。

22.细节理解题。从设题的关键词专有名词“the Glee Club”入手，定位具体段落，找到信息句“Every weekend this is‘Wales’premier comedy club where having a great time is the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike.It is hard to name a comedy star who hasn’t been on the stage here.”，不难选择答案B。

23.细节理解题。结合设题，题干要求选择的是“能够了解Cardiff现存最古老的剧院”，可以找到New Theatre部分第二句中的“the New Theatre is Cardiff’s oldest surviving traditional theatre”这个信息句，找到对应的网址www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk。故选A。

【例2】（2022 •全国新高考Ⅰ卷•阅读理解•D 篇）

Human speech contains more than 2 000 different sounds,from the common“m”and“a”to the rare clicks of some southern African languages.But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking,five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.

More than 30 years ago,the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals,such as“f ”and“v”,were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose.

...

This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300 000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,”said Steven Moran,a member of the research team.

32.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?

A.Its variety. B.Its distribution.

C.Its quantity. D.Its development.

...

35.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?

A.It is key to effective communication.

B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.

C.It is a complex and dynamic system.

D.It drives the evolution of human beings.

【答案】32.D 35.C

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项饮食习惯和语言关联的研究成果。

【解析】

32.细节理解题。从设题的专有名词“Damián Blasi”这个人名入手，找到信息段落在文章第二段，由信息句“Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose.”可知，Damián Blasi 的研究重点是在语言的演变发展上。故选D。

35.推理判断题。从专有名词“Steven Moran”这个人名入手，找到他说的话，即文章最后一段最后一句“‘The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,’said Steven Moran,a member of the research team.”可推知，Steven Moran 认为语音是一个复杂且动态变化的系统。故选C。

考向二：书面表达中专有名词的规范翻译

书面表达中对专有名词的考查主要体现在三个方面：

一是人名的规范翻译。比如多年一直陪伴我们左右的高考“钉子户”李华，天津卷中的李津等，规范的写法应该是分成姓和名两个部分，即Li Hua 和Li Jin，常有考生犯一些低级错误，将人名写成“Lihua”或者“Li Jing”。

二是地名的规范翻译。对于汉语地名的翻译，大部分师生清楚直接用拼音代替，但是对于细节把握不准，常见错误就是将地名按照汉字字数分开拼音，且首字母不大写。有的考生甚至不清楚地名的翻译规则，即地名要连在一起。比如2021年北京卷书面表达中的红星中学，有的考生可能写成 Hong Xing Middle School、Hongxin Middle School 等，正确翻译是Hongxing Middle School。

三是一些节日名称的规范翻译。比如2015 年全国Ⅱ卷书面表达中的重阳节（the Double Ninth Festival）和2022 年全国甲卷中的世界海洋日（World Oceans Day）。一些考生因没有掌握翻译规则，可能犯一些常识性错误，如写成the world’s oceans day、the World Oceans’ Day、Shijiehaiyangri等，其原因不外乎平时师生对于专有名词用法和表达的复习都不够重视，对于专有名词的基本特征和规范表达没有很好地掌握，有的考生甚至不知道专有名词要首字母大写。

三、普通名词考向探究

普通名词通常是指人、物、概念等的一般名称的词，通常可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。

考向三：完形填空中考查具体语境中的名词辨析

完形填空中，名词的考点占比仅次于动词，与形容词和副词的考查数量相当。完形填空中主要考查具体语境中的名词词义辨析，不会独立考查名词，考生只有结合具体语境，才能做出正确选择。

【例3】（2022 •全国新高考Ⅰ卷•完形填空）

My husband,our children and I have had wonderful camping experiences over the past ten years.

Some of our ___41___ are funny,especially from the early years when our children were little.Once,we camped（42）along Chalk Creek.I was worried（43）that our 15-month-old boy would fall into the creek 小溪）.I tied a rope around his waist to keep him near to our spot.That lasted about ten minutes.He was uncomfortable（44）,and his crying let the whole campground know it.So instead of（45）tying him up,I just kept a close eye on him.It worked（46）—he didn’t end up in the creek.My three-year-old,however,did.

Another time,we rented a boat in Vallecito Lake.The sky was clear when we headed off（47）,but storms move in fast in the mountains,and this one quickly interrupted（48）our peaceful morning trip.The __49__ picked up and thunder rolled.My husband stopped fishing to start（50）the motor.Nothing.He tried again.No__51 .We were stuck in the middle of the lake with a dead motor.As we all sat there helplessly（52）,a fisherman pulled up,threw us a rope and towed（拖）us back.We were safe（53）.

Now,every year when my husband pulls our camper out of the garage,we are filled with a sense of__54___,wondering what camping fun and __55__ we will experience next.

41.A.ideas B.jokes

C.memories D.discoveries

...

49.A.wind B.noise

C.temperature D.speed

...

51.A.luck B.answer

C.wonder D.signal

...

54.A.relief B.duty

C.pride D.excitement

55.A.failure B.adventure

C.performance D.conflict

【答案】41.C 49.A 51.A 54.D 55.B

【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一家过去十年美好的露营经历以及他们对露营活动的期盼。

【解析】41.考查名词辨析。根据上文中的“have had wonderful camping experiences over the past ten years” 以 及 下 文 中 的“especially from the early years when our children were little”可推知，此处表示作者和家人的一些记忆是有趣的。故选C。

【解析】49.考查名词辨析。根据上文中的“storms move in fast in the mountains”可推知，此处指起风了。故选A。

【解析】51.考查名词辨析。根据下文“We were stuck in the middle of the lake with a dead motor.”及语境可知，此处指作者的丈夫再次尝试启动马达，但运气不好，船还是无法启动。故选A。

【解析】54.考查名词辨析。根据下文中的“wondering what camping fun”及语境可推知，此处指作者一家满怀兴奋地期待着接下来的露营。故选D。

【解析】55.考查名词辨析。根据上文中的“Now,every year when my husband pulls our camper out of the garage,we are filled with a sense of____,wondering what camping fun and”和下文中的“we will experience next”及语境可推知，此处指露营中即将经历的冒险。故选B。

考向四：语法填空中考查名词的构词法

在语法填空中，词类转换为必考考点，考查名词的词类转换的频率较高，涉及名词的相关构词法，所以掌握一些基本的、常用的名词构词知识是十分必要的。

【例4】（2022 •全国甲卷•语法填空）Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road,in order to promote environmental ___65__（protect）.

【答案】protection

【解析】考查名词构词法。根据句子结构，动词不定式作目的状语，promote 后面缺宾语，提示词protect 为动词，且置于形容词environmental 之后，故填其名词形式，即加后缀-ion。又“protection”意为“保护”时为不可数名词，故填protection。

考向五：语法填空和短文改错中考查名词的数

名词的数是高考英语的必考点，语法填空中一般考查可数名词的复数形式，短文改错中考查可数名词和不可数名词的辨析以及可数名词的复数形式。

【例5】（2022 •全国新高考Ⅰ卷•语法填空）The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___62___（population）and homes of giant pandas,and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.

【答案】populations

【解析】考查名词的数。between...and...连接两个并列名词。根据“homes”可知，此处应用population 的复数形式populations。

【译文】大熊猫国家公园的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫栖息地之间的联系，最终实现野生大熊猫的数量达到理想水平。

【例6】（2022 •全国乙卷•短文改错）...And there were traffic jams,too.Our cities will be better places if we replace cars with bicycle.

【答案】bicycle 改为bicycles

【解析】考查名词的数。with 前后名词要用平行结构，此处应用bicycle 的复数形式表示“一类”。故填bicycles。

考向六：语法填空和短文改错中考查名词所有格

名词所有格一般表示的是名词的所有关系。有’s 所有格和of 所有格两种。’s 所有格一般表示有生命的人或物的所有关系，一般直接在名词末尾加 ’s，如Father’s Day。但是如果名词是复数形式或者以s 结尾，一般加“ ’”，如Teachers’Day。

【例7】（2022 •全国新高考Ⅱ卷•语法填空）“He saved my ___64___（son）life,”said Mrs.Brown.

【答案】son’s

【解析】考查名词所有格。此处表示“他救了我儿子的命”，应用son 的名词所有格形式。故填son’s。

【例8】（2021•1 月浙江卷•语法填空）It is calculated by dividing a __58_（person）weight in kg by their height in meters squared,and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.

【答案】person’s

【解析】考查名词所有格。此处应用person的名词所有格形式作定语，修饰名词“weight”。故填person’s。

【译文】它是通过将一个人的体重（以千克为单位）除以他们的身高（以米为单位）的平方计算的，体重指数在19 到25 之间就被认为是健康的。

四、应试策略

1.熟悉名词的分类，能够区分专有名词和普通名词，熟练掌握人名、地名和一些节日名称的翻译规则；

2.掌握一些常见的名词后缀，如-or/er/ess/crat/cis（表示“从事……的人”）；-an（表示“精通……的人；……地方的人”）；-ity/-acy/-ance/-ence/-ancy/-ency/-bility/-dom/-th（表示“性质、状态、境遇、行为、过程”等）；-ion/-sion/-tion/-ation/-ition/-al（表示“行为的过程、结果、状况”）；-ism（表示“……主义”）；-ment/-ness/-ship（表示“行为、状态、过程、手段及其结果”）等；

3.能够区分一些常见的可数名词和不可数名词，熟练掌握名词的复数形式变化规则（包括不规则变化）。大家要注意：在英语中有一些不可数名词，考生容易将它们混淆为可数名词，如news,bread、work、paper、weather、fun、information、advice、progress、equipment、luggage/baggage、furniture、jewelry 等。此外，有些不可数名词后面加了s，并不能说明其为可数名词，而是表示另外的含义或者强调其种类，例如：water（水，不可数 ），waters（水域）；food（食物，不可数），foods（各种各样的食物）；work（工作，不可数），works（作品）；paper（纸，不可数），papers（报纸、试卷、论文）等。

4.掌握名词所有格的用法。