陈响 詹瑛 卢彩霞 郑富民 刘世国
[摘要] 目的
分析妊娠期高血壓疾病(HDP)孕妇微量尿蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)与各临床指标的相关性,探讨其对HDP肾功能损害评估的临床意义。
方法 选取2018年5月—2019年10月在青岛大学附属医院产科规律产检的不同类型HDP孕妇共225例,其中妊娠期高血压55例,子痫前期89例,子痫4例,慢性高血压40例,慢性高血压并发子痫前期37例,随机选取同期在我院产检的正常单胎孕妇60例作为对照组。全部研究对象检查ACR、血常规、血凝常规、尿常规、肝肾功能、血脂等生化指标,尿蛋白异常者进行24 h尿蛋白定量检测。
结果
ACR与24 h尿蛋白定量呈高度线性相关(r=0.800,P<0.05);ACR与舒张压(DBP)、尿酸(UA)、尿素(UREA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)呈显著正相关(r=0.484~0.574,P<0.05),与清蛋白(ALB)呈显著负相关(r=-0.579,P<0.05)。UA、ACR联合诊断HDP孕妇肾损伤的受试者工作特征曲线曲线下面积为0.996,截断值为0.881,特异度为0.951,灵敏度为0.929。
结论 ACR与DBP、UA、UREA、LDH升高和ALB降低相关;ACR与24 h尿蛋白定量呈高度线性相关,在HDP诊断方面有更准确便捷的评估价值;UA、ACR随HDP病情严重程度的增加而增高,二者联合检测对评估HDP孕妇肾损伤有临床应用价值。
[关键词] 高血压,妊娠性;白蛋白尿;肌酸酐;尿分析;诊断
[中图分类号] R714.25
[文献标志码] A
[文章编号] 2096-5532(2023)06-0845-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2023.59.191
[网络出版] https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20231229.1010.005;2024-01-02 10:48:28
APPLICATION VALUE OF URINE ALBUMIN-TO-CREATININE RATIO IN HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY
CHEN Xiang, ZHAN Ying, LU Caixia, ZHENG Fumin, LIU Shiguo
(Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China)
; [ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and clinical parameters in patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), and to explore the clinical significance of ACR in assessing impairment in renal function.
MethodsWe included a total of 225 pregnant women with different types of HDP who received regular prenatal examinations at The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from May 2018 to October 2019, including 55 with gestational hypertension, 89 with preeclampsia, 4 with eclampsia, 40 with chronic hypertension, and 37 with chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. A total of 60 normal pregnant women with a single fetus examined at the same hospital during the same period were randomly selected as the control group. All the subjects had ACR, routine blood, routine coagulation, routine urine, liver and kidney function, and blood lipid tests. Patients with abnormal urine protein levels received 24 h urine protein mea-
surement.
ResultsACR was highly linearly correlated with 24 h urine protein level (r=0.800,P<0.05), positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure, uric acid, UREA, and lactate dehydrogenase (r=0.484-0.574,P<0.05), and negatively correlated with albumin (r=-0.579,P<0.05). For ACR plus uric acid diagnosing renal impairment in pregnant women with HDP, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.996, the cut-off value was 0.881, the specificity was 0.951, and the sensiti-
vity was 0.929.
ConclusionACR is associated with increased diastolic blood pressure, uric acid, UREA, and lactate dehydrogenase levels and decreased albumin levels. The highly linear correlation between ACR and 24 h urine protein level indicates that ACR is an accurate and convenient indicator for the diagnosis of HDP. ACR and uric acid levels increase with the severity of HDP, and their combination has clinical value in evaluating renal injury in pregnant women with HDP.
[KEY WORDS]hypertension, pregnancy-induced; albuminuria; creatinine; urinalysis; diagnosis
妊娠期高血压疾病(HDP),尤其是子痫前期,病情可能迅速恶化。因此,寻找一种早期评估子痫前期的临床指标至关重要。与连续采集24 h尿液相比,随机收集单次尿液检测其微量尿蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)更为简便,有助于HDP的早发现、早诊断和及时治疗[1-5]。本研究通过比较正常孕妇与不同类型HDP孕妇之间ACR、血常规及生化指标检测结果的差异,分析不同类型HDP ACR与24 h尿蛋白定量及相关辅助检查参数的相关性,评价ACR在HDP中的应用价值。现将结果报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
选取2018年5月—2019年10月在青岛大学附属医院规律产检的不同类型HDP孕妇共225例。入选孕妇均符合第9版《妇产科学》HDP的诊断标准,已存在肾脏疾病、肝肾功能不全、妊娠前糖尿病、风湿免疫性疾病的孕妇被排除在外[6]。本研究的225例HDP孕妇中妊娠期高血压(B组)55例,子痫前期(C组)89例,子痫(D组)4例,慢性高血压(E组)40例,慢性高血压并发子痫前期(F组)37例。随机选取同期在我院产检的正常单胎孕妇60例作为对照组(A组)。所有入选孕妇对此次研究知情同意。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 尿液采集 留取尿液前详细告诉孕妇样本的采集方法以及注意事项。所有受检者均随机留取5 mL中段尿送实验室离心,取上清液采用全自动生化分析仪检测尿微量清蛋白和尿肌酐水平,计算ACR。我院ACR正常参考值范围为(0~37)×10-3。所有尿蛋白阳性者均检测24 h尿蛋白定量。
1.2.2 血常规及生化指标的测定 清晨采集肘静脉血,测定血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板(PLT)、空腹血糖(FBG)、清蛋白(ALB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素(UREA)、尿酸(UA)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)等。
1.3 统计学方法
使用R语言软件对所得数据进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以±s表示,多组比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步的组间两两比较采用LSD检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以P50(P25,P75)表示;两变量之间相关性检验采用Pearson相关性分析;以受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价多个指标联合的诊断价值。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果
2.1 各组孕妇ACR比较
正常孕妇与不同类型HDP孕妇的ACR不符
合正态分布,采用BOC-COX方法将ACR变换为logACR后数据符合正态分布,再行方差分析。结果显示,与A组相比,C、D、F组logACR均显著增高(F=132.10,P<0.05),但B、E组与A组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。见表1。
2.2 各组孕妇血常规和生化指标的比较
与A组相比较,C、D、F组孕妇的LDH、ALT、AST、Cr、UREA、UA、TC显著增高,PLT、ALB显著降低,差异有统计学意义(F=5.71~15.84,P<0.05);而Hb、FBG、TG的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
2.3 ACR與24 h尿蛋白定量的相关性分析
两变量之间的相关分析采用最小二乘法拟合回归直线,用Pearson相关系数表示其相关程度。相关分析显示,ACR与24 h尿蛋白定量呈高度线性相关(r=0.800,P<0.05)。
2.4 ACR与临床资料各指标的多元线性回归分析
ACR变换为logACR后数据符合正态分布,以logACR为因变量,将单因素方差分析中有统计学意义的临床资料各指标作为自变量,进行相关性分析和多元线性逐步回归分析。相关性分析结果显示,ACR与DBP、UA、UREA、LDH呈显著正相关(r=0.484~0.574,P<0.05),与ALB呈显著负相关(r=-0.579,P<0.05),与体质量指数(BMI)、收缩压(SBP)、PLT、ALT、AST、Cr、TC无相关性(r=-0.277~0.438,P>0.05)。多元线性逐步回归分析结果见表3。
2.5 ACR联合UA对HDP孕妇肾损伤诊断价值
以24 h尿蛋白定量0.3 g为诊断肾损伤的界点,肾损伤病人共计130例,占总样本数的45.6%。分别以UA、ACR及二者联合预测值为检验变量绘制ROC曲线。由ROC曲线得出UA、ACR单独及联合诊断HDP孕妇肾损伤的曲线下面积(AUC)、截断值、特异度和灵敏度。结果显示,UA、ACR单独诊断HDP孕妇肾损伤的AUC均>0.80,而二者联合检测的AUC为0.996,优于单独检测。二者联合检测的灵敏度和特异度优于UA而低于ACR单独检测。见图1、表4。
3 討 论
尿微量ALB被认为是肾脏血管内皮功能损伤的一种标志[6-8],与高血压、糖尿病、肾脏疾病等疾病相关,被认为是高血压病人肾脏功能预后的一个参数[9-11]。在正常妊娠期间,肾脏会发生重要的解剖和生理适应性变化,在妊娠中起着关键的作用,是HDP最易损害的器官[12-13]。研究发现,子痫前期肾小球病变的主要特征是内皮增生和足细胞病变。内皮细胞增生与蛋白尿的发生发展密切相关[14-17]。过去,24 h尿蛋白定量一直是诊断子痫前期的传统金标准,但现在越来越多的研究倾向于用ACR来代替24 h尿蛋白定量[18-20]。ACR是一种快速而简单的替代尿蛋白定量的检测与评价方法,该指标是通过将单一尿液样本中的蛋白浓度除以Cr浓度得到的[21-23]。
KAMINSKA等[10]通过回顾性分析不同疾病的ACR来评价其在肾脏疾病、高血压、妊娠期高血压、子痫前期、糖尿病、免疫性疾病等病程中诊断蛋白尿的有效性,结果显示,ACR与24 h尿蛋白浓度呈高度正相关,不同类型HDP孕妇与正常孕妇的ACR差异有显著性,提示ACR检测是一种快速而可靠的方法,可以消除每天24 h收集尿液的需要。SACHAN等[24]通过评价ACR在诊断子痫前期和子痫孕妇中的准确性,探讨ACR与胎儿预后关系,结果显示,对照组ACR均值明显低于患病组。本研究结果显示,子痫前期组、子痫组、慢性高血压并发子痫前期组的HDP孕妇ACR均显著高于正常组;相关分析也显示,ACR与24 h尿蛋白定量呈显著正相关,随着病情的加重,ACR和24 h尿蛋白定量也随之增加。因此,ACR有望取代24 h尿蛋白定量来评价HDP的严重程度,值得在产科领域进一步研究和推广。
UA是氧化应激、组织损伤和肾功能障碍的标志物[25-27],UA升高也是子痫前期孕妇的常见临床表现。虽然UA不在子痫前期的诊断标准中,但有研究表明,UA升高与子痫前期相关[28-30]。子痫前期病人UA水平升高是由于肾小球滤过率下降导致UA清除率下降所致[31-32]。几项研究评估了UA在预测HDP严重程度方面的价值[33-34],KHALIQ等[35]也回顾性分析了UA在子痫前期中的作用,上述研究结果均显示,血清UA水平随着子痫前期程度的加重而升高。然而,迄今为止,许多研究结果是相互矛盾的。
UA与ACR都是HDP肾损害的指标。HDP引起的肾小球损失会导致肾脏功能障碍,与健康孕妇相比,肾小球滤过率和肾血浆流量降低导致血清中UA、UREA等代谢产物无法通过尿液排出[36]。本研究结果显示,子痫前期及子痫孕妇血清UA、ACR显著高于正常孕妇,且随病情严重程度的增加而升高。提示UA和ACR都是肾脏损伤的重要生物标志物[37]。本文分别以UA、ACR及其联合预测值为检验变量绘制ROC曲线进行分析,结果显示,二者联合使用时诊断的灵敏度、特异度高于UA单独使用。因此,联合检测UA和ACR可提高诊断HDP肾损伤的AUC和截断值,有利于HDP孕妇早期肾损害的诊断。
综上所述,ACR与24 h尿蛋白定量高度相关,可以消除每天24 h采尿的复杂性和局限性,联合检测UA和ACR水平对诊断HDP孕妇早期肾损害有临床价值。但本研究选取病例数相对较少,并且影响血常规和生化指标的因素较多,因此,ACR与血常规、生化指标参数的确切关系以及我国尿蛋白对应的ACR确切诊断数值,还需要今后多中心、大样本随机对照研究的验证,以指导不同类型HDP的临床诊断和治疗。
[参考文献]
[1]BROWN M A, MAGEE L A, KENNY L C, et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis, and management recommendations for international practice[J]. Hypertension, 2018,72(1):24-43.
[2]MOGHADDAS SANI H, ZUNUNI VAHED S, ARDALAN M. Preeclampsia: a close look at renal dysfunction[J]. Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie, 2019,109:408-416.
[3]WILKERSON R G, OGUNBODEDE A C. Hypertensive di-
sorders of pregnancy[J]. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 2019,37(2):301-316.
[4]KOBAYASHI S, AMANO H, TERAWAKI H, et al. Spot urine protein/creatinine ratio as a reliable estimate of 24 hour proteinuria in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy, but not membranous nephropathy[J]. BMC Nephrology, 2019,20(1):306.
[5]刘然,朱红,杨菊红,等. 尿白蛋白/肌酐比值可以完全替代24小时尿微量白蛋白吗[J]. 中华内科杂志, 2019,58(5):377-381.
[6]GUDER W G, HOFMANN W. Clinical role of urinary low molecular weight proteins: their diagnostic and prognostic implications[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation Supplementum, 2008,241:95-98.
[7]ZHANG L, SUN J, ZHANG M, et al. The significance of combined detection of CysC, urinary mAlb and β2-MG in diagnosis of the early renal injury in pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome[J]. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2019,26(8):1982-1985.
[8]JENSEN J S. Microalbuminaria and the risk of atherosclerosis. Clinical epidemiological and physiological investigations[J]. Danish Medical Bulletin, 2000,47(2):63-78.
[9]MOODLEY J, SOMA-PILLAY P, BUCHMANN E, et al. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: 2019 National guideline[J]. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde, 2019,109(9):12723.
[10]KAMISKA J, DYMICKA-PIEKARSKA V, TOMASZEWSKA J, et al. Diagnostic utility of protein to creatinine ratio (P/C ratio) in spot urine sample within routine clinical practice[J]. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2020,57(5):345-364.
[11]KERLEY R N, MCCARTHY C. Biomarkers of glomerular dysfunction in pre-eclampsia-A systematic review[J]. Pregnancy Hypertension, 2018,14:265-272.
[12]SZCZEPANSKI J, GRIFFIN A, NOVOTNY S, et al. Acute kidney injury in pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia or HELLP syndrome[J]. Frontiers in Medicine, 2020,7:22.
[13]ZEN M, PADMANABHAN S, CHEUNG N W, et al. Microalbuminuria as an early predictor of preeclampsia in the pre-gestational diabetic population: a prospective cohort study[J]. Pregnancy Hypertension, 2019,15:182-188.
[14]STEPAN H, HUND M, ANDRACZEK T. Combining biomarkers to predict pregnancy complications and redefine preeclampsia: the angiogenic-placental syndrome[J]. Hypertension, 2020,75(4):918-926.
[15]VIDAEFF A C, SAADE G R, SIBAI B M. Preeclampsia: the need for a biological definition and diagnosis[J]. American Journal of Perinatology, 2021,38(9):976-982.
[16]DI LEO V, CAPACCIO F, GESUALDO L. Preeclampsia and
glomerulonephritis: a bidirectional association[J]. Current
Hypertension Reports, 2020,22(5):36.
[17]MATEUS J, NEWMAN R, SIBAI B M, et al. Massive urinary protein excretion associated with greater neonatal risk in preeclampsia[J]. AJP Reports, 2017,7(1):e49-e58.
[18]NATIONAL GUIDELINE ALLIANCE (UK). Evidence review for assessment of proteinuria: Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management: Evidence review G[M]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2019.
[19]GENEEN L J, WEBSTER K E, REEVES T, et al. Protein-creatinine ratio and albumin-creatinine ratio for the diagnosis of significant proteinuria in pregnant women with hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy[J]. Pregnancy Hypertension, 2021,25:196-203.
[20]GUY M, BORZOMATO J K, NEWALL R G, et al. Protein and albumin-to-creatinine ratios in random urines accurately predict 24 h protein and albumin loss in patients with kidney disease[J]. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 2009,46(Pt 6):468-476.
[21]WAUGH J, HOOPER R, LAMB E, et al. Spot protein-crea-
tinine ratio and spot albumin-creatinine ratio in the assessment of pre-eclampsia: a diagnostic accuracy study with decision-analytic model-based economic evaluation and acceptability analysis[J]. Health Technology Assessment, 2017,21(61):1-90.
[22]BABA Y, OHKUCHI A, USUI R, et al. Urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio indicative of significant proteinuria in normotensive pregnant women[J]. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 2016,42(7):784-788.
[23]GUPTA N, GUPTA T, ASTHANA D. Prediction of preeclampsia in early pregnancy by estimating the spot urinary albumin/creatinine ratio[J]. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India, 2017,67(4):258-262.
[24]SACHAN R, PATEL M L, SACHAN P, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of spot albumin creatinine ratio and its association with fetomaternal outcome in preeclampsia and eclampsia[J]. Nigerian Medical Journal: Journal of the Nigeria Medical Association, 2017,58(2):58-62.
[25]GHERGHINA M E, PERIDE I, TIGLIS M, et al. Uric acid and oxidative stress-relationship with cardiovascular, metabo-
lic, and renal impairment[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022,23(6):3188.
[26]MNDEZ LANDA C E. Renal effects of hyperuricemia[J]. Contributions to Nephrology, 2018,192:8-16.
[27]PARK J H, JO Y I, LEE J H. Renal effects of uric acid: hyperuricemia and hypouricemia[J]. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 2020,35(6):1291-1304.
[28]曹文紅,陈维萍,李静,等. 子痫前期孕妇血清NGAL表达与肾功能损害的关系[J]. 青岛大学医学院学报, 2012,48(3):197-199.
[29]MASHAK B, BAGHERI R B, NOORANI G, et al. Comparison of hemodynamic and biochemical factors and pregnancy complications in women with/without preeclampsia[J]. Maedica, 2022,17(2):363-370.
[30]BELLOS I, PERGIALIOTIS V, LOUTRADIS D, et al. The prognostic role of serum uric acid levels in preeclampsia: a meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 2020,22(5):826-834.
[31]ASGHARNIA M, MIRBLOUK F, KAZEMI S, et al. Maternal serum uric acid level and maternal and neonatal complications in preeclamptic women: a cross-sectional study[J]. International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine, 2017,15(9):583-588.
[32]BECKERS K F, SONES J L. Maternal microbiome and the hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, preeclampsia[J]. American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 2020,318(1): H1-H10.
[33]LIN J, HONG X Y, TU R Z. The value of serum uric acid in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes of women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy[J]. Ginekologia Polska, 2018,89(7):375-380.
[34]HAWKINS T L, ROBERTS J M, MANGOS G J, et al. Plasma uric acid remains a marker of poor outcome in hypertensive pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study[J]. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2012,119(4):484-492.
[35]KHALIQ O P, KONOSHITA T, MOODLEY J, et al. The role of uric acid in preeclampsia: is uric acid a causative factor or a sign of preeclampsia?[J]. Current Hypertension Reports, 2018,20(9):80.
[36]BENTATA Y, HOUSNI B, MIMOUNI A, et al. Acute kidney injury related to pregnancy in developing countries: etiology and risk factors in an intensive care unit[J]. Journal of Nephrology, 2012,25(5):764-775.
[37]CHESCHEIR N C. Serum uric acid measurement in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy[J]. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2019,134(3):636-638.
(本文編辑 牛兆山)