冯宝兰
过去完成时是动词时态的基本形式之一,也是中考的一个常考内容。对此,笔者就过去完成时的形式和主要用法进行了分析,以期同学们能够准确把握和运用。
一、过去完成时的形式
过去完成时主要由“had+过去分词”构成,其形式如下:
(1)肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他。例如:
By the end of last year, I had worked in the school for ten years.
到去年年底,我已經在学校工作了十年。
When I called Tom, he had left the hotel.
当我打电话给汤姆时,他已经离开酒店了。
(2)否定句:主语+hadn t(had not)+过去分词+其他。例如:
The sun hadn t risen when we got to the top of the mountain.
当我们到达山顶时太阳还没有升起来。
The little boy sitting next to me on the plane was afraid , because he hadn tflown be- fore.
飞机上坐在我旁边的小男孩很害怕,因为他以前没有坐过飞机。
(3)一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他,其肯定回答为“Yes,主语+had”,否定回答则为“No,主语+hadn t”。例如:
—Had the basketball match begun when you got to the playground?
—Yes, it had.
——你到操场的时候篮球比赛已经开始了吗?
——是的,它已经开始了。
二、过去完成时的主要用法
1.表示过去某一时刻之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态, 常与by, before,when 等时间状语连用。例如:
The wind was still blowing, but the rain had stopped.
风还在吹着,但雨已经停了。(had stopped 发生在was still blowing之前)
When I got home, my parents had gone out for a walk.
当我回家时,我的父母已经出去散步了。(had gone out发生在got home之前)
2.表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常与for构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。例如:
By the time of last year, I had learnt danc- ing for six years.
到去年的时候,我已经学了六年的舞蹈了。
He had worked in this company since he came here.
自从他来到这里就在这个公司工作。
3.在“It was the first/second/third...time that...”结构中,由于主句使用了一般过去时态,因此that引导的从句中的谓语动词要使用过去完成时态。例如:
This was the first time she had seen her mother so furious.
这是她第一次看到母亲如此愤怒。
That was the second time that I had visit- ed the Palace Museum.
那是我第二次参观故宫博物馆。
4.在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,若
主句用一般过去时态,且宾语从句的动作先于主句的动作,那么宾语从句的谓语动词应使用过去完成时。例如:
She asked me whether I had seen the film last Sunday.
她问我上星期天是否看过那部电影。
He said that he had visited his old class- mates.
他说他已拜访了他的老同学。
5.hope, want, mean,plan, intend, expect 等意向动词, 若使用过去完成时态,则表示过去未能实现的希望、意图、计划、打算等,常含有某种遗憾、惋惜。例如:
We had hoped that you would come yes- terday, but you didn t.
我们本希望你昨天能来,但是你没来。
The girl had meant to take the English book with her, but she forgot.
这个女孩本来打算带上英语书的,但是她忘记了。
总之,过去完成时态主要侧重表示“过去的过去”。同学们要熟知其形式,掌握其基本用法。
【跟踪训练】
①I to see you, but I was too busy.
A.want B. wanted
C.has wanted D. had wanted
②By the first day of July 2023,the CPC for one hundred and two years.
A.founds B. found
C. has been founded D. had been founded
③ Jack didn t go to see the film with us last night because he it with his father.
A.saw B. will see
C.had seen D. has seen
【参考答案】① D ② D ③ C