术中甲状旁腺显影技术的研究进展

2023-03-12 06:36:57向阳森杨昆宪
中国医学创新 2023年36期

向阳森 杨昆宪

【摘要】 随着健康体检与癌症筛查的普及,甲状腺肿瘤的早期检出率逐渐增加。甲状腺肿瘤的治疗通常以手术切除为主,而甲状腺腺体后方的甲状旁腺对机体钙调节和维持内环境平衡至关重要,术中对于甲状旁腺的保护是避免术后发生甲状旁腺功能减退的关键步骤,故甲状腺术中对甲状旁腺的精准识别尤为重要。目前,甲状旁腺的识别在很大程度上依赖手术医生的临床经验和技巧,术中准确而快速识别甲状旁腺的技术可为临床提供重要的辅助治疗手段。最近几年,荧光图像引导手术,得到了广泛的研究,并越来越受欢迎。为此,本文将对术中甲状旁腺荧光显影技术及其最新的研究进展进行简单的如下综述。

【关键词】 甲状旁腺 荧光显影 自发荧光 近红外自发荧光 生物电阻抗波谱 激光散斑对比成像

Research Progress of Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging of Parathyroid Gland/XIANG Yangsen, YANG Kunxian. //Medical Innovation of China, 2023, 20(36): -168

[Abstract] With the popularity of physical examination and cancer screening, the early detection rate of thyroid tumors is gradually increasing. Surgical resection is usually the main treatment of thyroid tumors, and the parathyroid gland behind the thyroid gland is very important to regulate calcium and maintain the balance of the internal environment. The protection of parathyroid gland during operation is the key step to avoid hypoparathyroidism after operation, so the accurate identification of parathyroid gland during thyroid surgery is particularly important. At present, the recognition of parathyroid largely depends on the clinical experience and skills of surgeons. The technique of accurate and rapid recognition of parathyroid can provide important reference value for clinical practice. In recent years, fluorescence image-guided surgery has been widely studied and become more and more popular. For this reason, this article will briefly review the intraoperative fluorescence imaging of parathyroid gland and its latest research progress.

[Key words] Parathyroid gland Fluorescence development Autofluorescence Near infrared autofluorescence Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy Laser speckle contrast imaging

First-author's address: School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2023.36.037

甲状腺肿瘤的发病率在女性最常诊断的恶性肿瘤中排名第五[1]。且中国甲状腺癌主要亚型的发病率均呈不同程度的上升趋势[2]。甲状腺切除术与颈中央区淋巴结清扫已被广泛用于治疗甲状腺肿瘤。术后低钙血症是甲状腺切除术中由于意外切除正常的甲状旁腺或无意中损害其血液供应而发生的主要并发症[3]。虽然术后短暂性甲状旁腺功能减退症可能会在几个月内恢复,但会导致患者不同程度住院时间延长和生活质量的下降。因此,术中甲状旁腺识别显得至关重要。荧光图像引导手术使术者能够识别出远超人眼识别范围的重要结构,使外科医生能更加安全地进行手术操作并做出重要的決策。目前,越来越多的学科领域开始使用荧光成像技术来协助手术操作,其临床应用正在逐渐增加[4-5]。

1 近红外自发荧光技术

自发荧光(autofluorescence,AF)描述了分子在特定光波长度被激发后发射的光。与亚甲蓝(methylene blue,MB)和吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green,ICG)等注射型染料相比,AF是某些组织的固有特性[6]。而甲状旁腺就具有AF特性,将其暴露于785 nm峰值荧光时,便会发射820 nm波长的自体荧光[7]。虽然甲状腺和甲状旁腺都表现出相似的峰值荧光,但据报道在接受甲状旁腺和甲状腺手术的患者中,甲状旁腺的AF强度是甲状腺的2至20倍[6]。2021年发表的系统评价显示,荧光图像引导手术可用于预防甲状腺切除术后甲状旁腺功能减退症[8]。术中使用近红外(near infrared,NIR)激发范围内的光源会在组织相互作用期间通过波长偏移诱导荧光信号的发射。具体来说,荧光是基于某些物质在给定激发波长下吸收外部光并随后以较低能量发射出不同波长的光的特性[9-10]。研究发现,近红外范围光的优势是具有更深的组织穿透力[11],因此,近红外成像设备使外科医生能够看到组织表面的后面[12]。在NIR荧光图像上,甲状旁腺看起来像一个明亮的斑点,可以较容易地将其与周围的甲状腺、肌肉或脂肪组织区分开来。近年来,荧光图像引导手术越来越受到临床医生的欢迎,并且越来越多地应用于内分泌手术,包括肾上腺、甲状旁腺及甲状腺等手术[12-14]。

2 近红外自发荧光在甲状旁腺中的临床应用

近红外自发荧光(near-infrared autofluorescence imaging,NIRAF)成像检测是一种简单、实时、非侵入性和无标记的方法,NIRAF成像可检测出正常和病理状态的甲状旁腺[13],尽管患病的甲状旁腺(腺瘤和增生)往往具有比正常甲状旁腺更弱的自发荧光信号[15]。多项研究已经证实NIRAF检测可用于识别甲状旁腺。Liu等[16]对20例接受甲状腺切除术的患者使用了NIRAF检测甲状旁腺,发现甲状旁腺的自发荧光强度明显高于甲状腺、脂肪和淋巴结。甲状旁腺自发荧光在相应波数处的峰值强度是甲状腺自发荧光的5.55倍。20例患者中,19例患者的甲状旁腺通过NIRAF系统准确检出。NIR自体荧光法对甲状旁腺的识别敏感度为100%,准确率高达95%,阳性预测值为95%。Dip等[17]发现,在NIRAF组中,从白光转换为NIRAF能将检测到甲状旁腺的平均数量从2.6个增加到3.5个(P<0.001),与对照组相比,NIRAF组的低钙血症发生率也显著降低(1.2% vs. 11.8%,P=0.005)。同样,Benmiloud等[18]发现从低钙血症(9.1% vs. 21.7%,P=0.007)、甲状旁腺自体移植(3.3% vs. 13.3%,P=0.009)和无意切除甲状旁腺(2.5% vs. 11.7%,P=0.006)这些结果来看,NIRAF组(n=121)与对照组(n=120)相比具有明显的优势。Barbieri等[19]进行了一项临床研究,共纳入134例行甲状腺全部切除术的患者,其中67例行常规甲状腺切除术,67例行自体荧光检测仪手术。结果显示术中采用近红外自体荧光技术,可降低近期低钙血症和甲状旁腺功能减退症的发生率,减少术后短、中、远期甲状旁腺激素水平的变化,减少口服补钙的必要性。Squires等[20]的报告显示,对于手术外科医生无法在视觉上识别的甲状旁腺,使用NIRAF后的甲状旁腺检出率提高了20%。但不少研究发现,仅识别腺体不足以改善甲状腺切除术后低钙血症的发生率,更重要的是保留腺体的血供,以确保甲状腺术后正常的甲状旁腺及机体正常的血钙状态[21-23]。评估甲状旁腺完整的血供是一个巨大的挑战,外科医生通常依靠肉眼检查和临床经验来做到这一点。NIRAF技术可显著增加术中甲状旁腺识别的数量,降低术后低钙血症的发生率,但NIRAF成像对甲状旁腺的血供活力无法展现出来。因为自发荧光是甲状旁腺本身的属性,而与腺体活力无关,甲状旁腺的自发荧光在体外能持续长达150小时至2年。它还在极端温度、福尔马林固定或蛋白酶活性下持续存在[24]。有研究发现ICG血管造影引导甲状腺切除术是识别甲状旁腺血管形成的有用工具,可以更好地保存甲状旁腺并显著降低低钙血症发生率[25]。

3 NIRAF和ICG联合识别甲状旁腺

虽然自发荧光的优点是不需要额外的时间来注射外源性染料,但甲状旁腺的灌注状态只能通过对比增强的荧光来观察。研究发现使用ICG的荧光成像可用于识别和评估甲状腺和甲状旁腺手术中甲状旁腺的灌注[26-27]。国外有学者研究联合使用NIRAF和ICG荧光在甲状腺术中及术后的效果,接受全甲状腺切除术的200例患者被随机分配到使用NIRAF和ICG荧光的荧光组或对照组,该研究主要是观察术后短暂性和症状性低钙血症的发生率。结果发现荧光组的甲状旁腺数量更多(3.83 vs. 3.64,P=0.028),荧光组术后症状性低钙血症的发生率显著降低(6% vs. 17%,P=0.015),荧光组需要钙治疗的剂量(1.53 g vs. 1.91 g,P=0.007)和持续时间(32.30 d vs. 45.66 d,P=0.003)均更少[28]。我国学者进行了一项研究旨在评估联合使用AF和ICG是否可以降低术后甲状旁腺功能减退症的发生率,并提高甲状腺全切除术中甲状旁腺的识别率和评估水平。该试验纳入180例患者,被随机分成两组,对照组凭术者肉眼及经验辨别和评价甲状旁腺。试验组用AF识别甲状旁腺,用ICG评估甲状旁腺的原位血流灌注量。结果发现试验组术后一过性甲状旁腺功能减退发生率为27.8%,明显低于对照组的43.3%(P=0.029)。且在术中至少有一个甲状旁腺充分灌注的患者中,试验组仅4.5%发生甲状旁腺功能减退,明显低于对照组(34.6%)(P<0.001)[29]。Park等[30]研究了在经口机器人甲状腺切除术中使用ICG血管造影术对甲状旁腺灌注的评估,在术中依据ICG血管造影的灌注情况对两颗甲状旁腺进行了自体移植,术后实验室检查显示钙和甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平在正常范围内。然而,ICG血管造影仍然有一些局限所在,研究发现ICG的毒性水平为 5 mg/kg,因此15~20 mg的剂量对于没有过敏症的患者被认为是安全,但不推荐用于对增强CT或碘剂有副作用的患者,除此之外,由于染料会在几分钟内被代谢,所以很难重复、连续地评估灌注[31]。但总体来看,与外科医生的视觉评估相比,ICG血管造影对甲状旁腺灌注的评估更加客观。当外科医生决定是进行自体移植还是根据甲状旁腺灌注状态而原位保留时,这种方法是可取的。因此,在全甲状腺切除术中联合应用AF和ICG可降低术后一过性甲状旁腺功能减退的风险,增强识别和保存甲状旁腺的能力,并提高术中甲状旁腺血流灌注评估的准确性。

4 甲状旁腺术中识别新技术

组织的生物电阻抗波谱(bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy,BIS)由细胞的特性、构建方式及细胞成分(如脂质含量和核大小等)决定。基于该理论,多参数成像方法可以用于区分甲状旁腺与周围组织。Wang等[32]研究应用BIS分析仪对甲状腺组织、淋巴结、脂肪组织和疑似甲状旁腺的组织进行分析,当BIS参数的诊断标准设定在188.85~342.55 kHz时,从淋巴结和脂肪组织中鉴别甲状旁腺的敏感度和特异度均为100%。在这个标准下,从甲状腺组织中识别甲状旁腺的敏感度和特异度分別为91.1%和99.0%。所以BIS可能是一种潜在的强大工具,可帮助在甲状腺手术期间识别甲状旁腺。最近,有国外学者研究术中甲状旁腺激光散斑对比成像(laser speckle contrast imaging,LSCI)与全甲状腺切除术患者预后的关系。LSCI是一种对浅层血流敏感的实时无标记成像技术,其工作原理是用散斑对比度表示激光照射物体表面时产生的干涉或散斑图案的模糊性,散斑对比度越低表示散斑图案越模糊,血流量越大,而对比度越高则相反。研究共纳入72例患者,甲状腺切除后,使用LSCI设备对所有已识别的甲状旁腺进行成像,并计算每个甲状旁腺的散斑对比度值。计算每例患者的平均值,并根据患者在术后第1天所测量的PTH水平是正常(16~77 pg/mL)还是低水平对数据进行分组,来建立一个散斑对比阈值。结果发现0.186这个阈值在区分正常患者和术后PTH水平低的患者方面具有最高的敏感度和特异度,即散斑对比度低于0.186的甲状旁腺被认为是血管化的腺体,69例至少有一个血管化腺体(由LSCI确定)的患者中有64例(92.8%)术后PTH正常,而所有3例没有血管化腺体的患者术后PTH均较低。该研究提示LSCI技术可作为评估甲状旁腺血管分布的有前途的技术,能帮助减少甲状腺切除术后低钙血症的发生率[33]。Makovac等[34]评估电子视觉红外(Elevision infrared,EIR)系统在甲状腺和甲状旁腺手术中的疗效,选取本机构接受甲状腺或者甲状旁腺手术或两者的25例患者,在手术的各个阶段,外科医生先用肉眼寻找甲状旁腺,然后采用该系统确认,结果显示80%的甲状旁腺被识别出,其中65%仅用肉眼能识别出,另外15%在EIR系统的帮助下被识别出来。随着越来越多关于甲状旁腺术中识别新技术研究的开展,甲状旁腺的术中识别将更加准确、多元化的服务于临床。

5 小結

在甲状腺或者甲状旁腺术中准确地识别甲状旁腺对于确保去除病理性腺体和保留正常腺体至关重要。光学成像技术的多样化应用及缺乏标准化和量化导致关于其临床价值的结论不一。需要就成像协议达成共识,以确定这些技术在甲状旁腺识别和保存方面的临床应用。虽然NIRAF目前无法替代外科医生的精细化解剖,但NIRAF似乎是目前最有前途和最可靠的无创术中甲状旁腺定位技术,具有广泛的适用性,并且一直显示出出色的临床效用。需要在不同的甲状腺和甲状旁腺手术患者群体中进行更多的大型前瞻性多中心研究,以在更大范围内确认这些有前途的术中甲状旁腺检测技术的临床实用性。未来,随着更多NIRAF与其他甲状旁腺检测技术联合应用研究的展开,最优化的甲状旁腺识别技术将为临床提供帮助。

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(收稿日期:2023-04-11) (本文編辑:占汇娟)