花后叶面喷施尿素对冬小麦氮素吸收利用和产量的影响

陈嘉军 林 祥 谷淑波 王威雁 张保军 朱俊科 王 东,*

研究简报

花后叶面喷施尿素对冬小麦氮素吸收利用和产量的影响

陈嘉军1林 祥2谷淑波1王威雁2张保军2朱俊科3王 东2,*

1山东农业大学 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018;2西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100;3淄博禾丰种业科技股份有限公司, 山东临淄 255000

小麦开花后叶面喷施氮肥能延缓衰老、提高产量, 但其对小麦氮素利用效率的影响鲜见报道。本研究以强筋冬小麦品种济麦229为试验材料, 采用两因素随机区组设计, 设置2个叶面喷施尿素的时期, 分别为开花后7 d (S)和21 d (T), 设置4个尿素溶液浓度(0、2%、6%和10%), 探索开花后叶面喷施尿素对冬小麦氮素吸收积累及籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明, 小麦籽粒产量随喷施尿素溶液浓度的提高呈先增加后降低的趋势, 并在2%浓度水平下达到最高(比对照增产5.1%), 这主要得益于千粒重的增加(比对照提高3.3%)。开花后不同时间喷施2%浓度尿素溶液均促进了开花前营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒中的再分配, 亦增加了开花后同化氮素输入籽粒量, 平均增幅分别为8.8%和21.1%; 单位面积籽粒氮积累量及氮素收获指数的增幅分别为10.9%和7.9%, 进而显著提高了籽粒含氮量、蛋白质含量及氮素利用效率。采用2%的尿素溶液叶面喷施, 将喷施时间由开花后7 d推迟至开花后21 d, 籽粒氮素积累量、籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的增幅更大。综上所述, 开花后叶面喷施2%的尿素溶液可促进强筋冬小麦花后氮素的吸收及营养器官临时贮存氮素向籽粒的再分配, 从而显著提高籽粒蛋白质含量和产量、增加籽粒产量、提高氮素利用效率。灌浆中后期喷施比灌浆前期喷施对籽粒蛋白质含量和产量、籽粒产量和氮素利用效率提高的幅度更大。

冬小麦; 叶面喷肥; 尿素; 氮素利用效率; 籽粒产量

小麦对氮素的吸收存在阶段性差异, 并且随产量水平的提高, 小麦中后期的吸氮量和吸收比例显著增加[1], 增加冬小麦中后期氮素吸收量有利于获得较高的籽粒产量[2-3]。但开花期根部追施氮肥处理的籽粒产量和氮素利用效率与开花期未追施氮肥的处理无显著差异[4-5], 说明在冬小麦生育后期根部施氮肥对籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的调控作用较小。

研究表明叶面喷肥是根部施肥的有效辅助手段, 灌浆后期叶面喷施氮肥可以提高玉米的根系活力, 进而提高生育后期玉米根系对土壤养分的吸收利用能力[6]。开花后叶面喷肥可及时补充小麦根系吸收养分的不足, 增进养分更多地向籽粒运输[7-8], 且叶面喷施氮肥能够延缓功能叶衰老, 延长籽粒灌浆高峰期[9], 进而提高作物的产量和品质。前人关于叶面喷施氮肥对产量形成的影响研究较多, 但缺乏其对氮素利用效率调控的研究。本试验分别在开花后7 d和开花后21 d, 设置不同的尿素溶液浓度水平, 探索开花后叶面喷施尿素对冬小麦氮素吸收积累及籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响, 以期为冬小麦高产高效生产提供理论依据和技术支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验于2019—2020和2020—2021年冬小麦生长季在山东省泰安市道朗镇玄庄村(36°12′N, 116°54′E)试验田进行, 试验点属于暖温带大陆性半湿润季风气候区, 年均气温为13.0～13.6℃, 年均降雨量为621.2～688.0 mm, 播种前0～20 cm土层土壤养分状况如表1所示。两年度冬小麦开花后气温及降水量如图1所示。2020年度冬小麦开花期和成熟期分别为5月4日和6月12日; 2021年度冬小麦开花期和成熟期分别为5月6日和6月11日。

1.2 试验设计

试验选用强筋冬小麦品种济麦229为供试材料, 两年度于开花后7 d (2020年5月11日和2021年5月13日)和21 d (2020年5月25日和2021年5月27日)喷施尿素, 分别用S和T表示, 并设置4个尿素溶液浓度, 即0、2%、6%和10%, 分别用N0、N2、N6和N10表示。各处理均以植物油(迈丝)为助剂, 每公顷喷施肥液750 kg。试验小区面积为2 m×13 m=26 m2。每处理3次重复。各处理根部施用氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥的用量一致, 分别为240、120和120 kg hm–2, 使用的氮肥为尿素(含N 46%), 磷肥为重过磷酸钙(含P2O544%)、钾肥为氯化钾(含K2O 60%)。根施氮肥的50%于播种期底施, 50%于拔节期追施, 磷、钾肥全部底施。底肥于土壤耕作前均匀撒施, 拔节期追肥采用微喷带灌溉水肥一体化设施[10], 在灌水的同时, 将所需要追施的尿素溶解成肥液注入输水管, 通过小麦专用微喷带使其随灌溉水均匀喷洒进入麦田。其他管理措施同一般高产田。

表1 试验地0～20 cm土层播种前土壤养分含量

图1 冬小麦开花后日平均气温和日降雨量

2019—2020年度试验于2019年10月6日播种, 次年6月12日收获; 2020—2021年度试验于2020年10月8日播种, 次年6月11日收获。各试验均在冬小麦三叶一心期定苗, 留苗密度为185×104株hm–2。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 籽粒产量测定 成熟期每试验小区随机选取1 m2调查单位面积穗数, 选取30穗调查穗粒数, 收获2 m2脱粒, 自然风干到含水率12.5%时称重, 调查千粒重, 并计算单位面积籽粒产量。每个处理3次重复。

1.3.2 氮素积累与转运相关指标的测定 开花期和成熟期, 每试验小区随机采集30个单茎, 并按器官分样。开花期分为茎秆+叶鞘、叶片和穗, 成熟期分为茎秆+叶鞘、叶片、籽粒、颖壳+穗轴。将各器官样品置于烘箱内, 经105℃杀青30 min后, 于75℃条件下烘干至恒重后称重。不同器官样品用微型植物粉碎机粉碎, 过100目筛, 采用半微量凯氏定氮法测定各器官含氮量。各指标相关计算公式如下:

氮素积累量=全氮含量×干物质重;

花前营养器官贮藏氮素转运量=开花期氮素积累量−成熟期氮素积累量;

花前营养器官贮藏氮素对籽粒的贡献率=花前营养器官贮藏氮素转运量/成熟期籽粒氮素积累量;

花后同化氮素在籽粒中的分配量=成熟期籽粒氮素积累量–花前营养器官贮藏氮素转运量;

花后同化氮素对籽粒的贡献率=花后同化氮素在籽粒中的分配量/成熟期籽粒氮素积累量;

供氮量=施氮量+播前0～1.00 m土层土壤无机态氮积累量;

氮素吸收效率=植株氮素积累量/供氮量;

氮素利用效率=籽粒产量/地上部氮素积累量;

氮素收获指数=籽粒氮素积累量/地上部氮素积累量;

籽粒蛋白质含量=籽粒全氮含量×5.7;

籽粒蛋白质产量=籽粒蛋白质含量×籽粒产量。

1.4 统计分析

用Microsoft Office 2010记录整理数据, 用SPSS 22.0统计分析软件进行方差分析, 检验显著性(LSD法)。利用SigmaPlot 12.5软件绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 成熟期各器官氮素积累量

如表2所示, 叶面喷氮时间相同的条件下, 小麦成熟期茎秆+叶鞘、穗轴+颖壳、叶片氮素积累量均表现为N6、N10>N0>N2; 籽粒氮素积累量表现为N2>N6、N10>N0。开花后7 d喷施尿素, N2处理籽粒氮素积累量两年度平均比N0处理高9.1%; 开花后21 d喷施尿素, N2处理籽粒中氮素积累量两年度平均比N0处理高12.6%。说明籽粒灌浆前期和灌浆中后期叶面喷施2%浓度尿素溶液均能提高成熟期籽粒中氮素积累量, 且以花后21 d叶面喷氮处理的增幅更大。

表2 成熟期各器官氮素积累量

S: 开花后7 d; T: 开花后21 d; N0: 0浓度尿素溶液; N2: 2%浓度尿素溶液; N6: 6%浓度尿素溶液; N10: 10%浓度尿素溶液。数据后不同字母表示同一年度的不同处理之间差异显著(< 0.05)。

S:7 days post anthesis; T: 21 days post anthesis; N0: 0 concentration urea solution; N2: 2% urea solution; N6: 6% concentration urea solution; N10: 10% concentration urea solution. Different lowercase letters followed the data indicate significant difference among treatments at each growing season at< 0.05.

2.2 开花后氮素同化与转运

如表3所示, 随着喷施尿素溶液浓度水平提高, 开花后氮素同化量及对籽粒的贡献率呈增高趋势, 且不同处理间差异均达到显著水平; 开花前营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒转运量呈先增高后降低的趋势。叶面喷氮时间相同的条件下, N2处理氮素收获指数、开花前营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒转运量显著高于N0、N6和N10处理, 且N0处理与N6和N10处理无显著差异。开花后7 d喷施尿素, N2处理开花前营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒转运量两年度平均比N0处理高7.5%; 开花后21 d喷施尿素, N2处理开花前营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒转运量两年度平均比N0处理高10.1%。说明开花后喷施2%浓度尿素溶液促进了开花前营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒中的再分配及开花后氮素同化, 将喷施时间由开花后7 d推迟至开花后21 d, 小麦开花前营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒转运量的增幅更大。

2.3 各营养器官氮素再分配特征

2.3.1 开花后各营养器官氮素向籽粒中的转运量 如图2所示, 各营养器官的氮素转运量随尿素溶液浓度的提高呈先增高后降低的趋势。叶面喷氮时间相同的条件下, N2处理茎秆+叶鞘、叶片和穗轴+颖壳氮素向籽粒转运量显著高于N0、N6和N10处理, 且N0处理与N6和N10处理无显著差异。N2处理茎秆+叶鞘、叶片和穗轴+颖壳氮素向籽粒转运量两年度平均比N0处理分别高6.7%、2.8%和31.0%。说明开花后叶面喷施2%浓度尿素溶液增加了小麦各营养器官中氮素向籽粒的转运量, 以穗轴+颖壳中的氮素向籽粒转运量的增幅最大。

2.3.2 开花后各营养器官转运氮素对籽粒的贡献率

如图3所示, 随喷施尿素溶液浓度水平提高, 穗轴+颖壳氮素转运量对籽粒的贡献率呈先增高后降低的趋势。叶面喷氮时间相同的条件下, N2处理穗轴+颖壳氮素转运量对籽粒贡献率显著高于N0、N6和N10处理。说明开花后叶面喷施2%浓度尿素溶液提高了穗轴+颖壳氮素转运量对籽粒的贡献率。

表3 不同处理对开花后氮素同化与营养器官氮素再分配的影响

S: 开花后7 d; T: 开花后21 d; N0: 0浓度尿素溶液; N2: 2%浓度尿素溶液; N6: 6%浓度尿素溶液; N10: 10%浓度尿素溶液。数据后不同字母表示同一年度的不同处理之间差异显著(< 0.05)。

S:7 days post anthesis; T: 21 days post anthesis; N0: 0 concentration urea solution; N2: 2% urea solution; N6: 6% concentration urea solution; N10: 10% concentration urea solution. Different lowercase letters followed the data indicate significant difference among the treatments at each growing season at< 0.05.

图2 不同处理对各器官氮素转运量的影响

S: 开花后7 d; T: 开花后21 d; N0: 0浓度尿素溶液; N2: 2%浓度尿素溶液; N6: 6%浓度尿素溶液; N10: 10%浓度尿素溶液。误差线为标准差。柱顶端不同小写字母表示同一年度的不同处理之间差异显著(< 0.05)。

S:7 days post anthesis; T: 21 days post anthesis; N0: 0 concentration urea solution; N2: 2% urea solution; N6: 6% concentration urea solution;N10: 10% concentration urea solution. The error line is the standard deviation. Different small letters at the top of the column indicate significant differences among treatments at each growing season at< 0.05.

图3 各器官转运氮素对籽粒的贡献率

S: 开花后7 d; T: 开花后21 d;柱顶端不同小写字母表示同一年度的不同处理之间差异显著(< 0.05)。

ine is the standard deviation. Different small letters at the top of the column indicate significant differences among treatments at each growing season at< 0.05.

2.4 产量及其构成因素

如表4所示, 叶面喷氮时间相同的条件下, N2处理千粒重、籽粒产量显著高于N0、N6、N10处理。N2处理与N0处理相比, 在开花后7 d和21 d喷氮条件下, 两年度平均籽粒产量分别提高3.9%和6.4%。说明开花后叶面喷施尿素浓度以2%最佳, 且开花后21 d喷施处理的增产效果优于开花后7 d喷施的处理。

2.5 籽粒蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量

如表5所示, 叶面喷氮时间相同的条件下, N2处理籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量均显著高于N0、N6、N10处理。与对照(N0)处理相比, 开花后7 d和21 d叶面喷施2%浓度尿素溶液(N2), 两年度平均蛋白质产量分别提高6.9%和9.7%。说明籽粒灌浆前期和灌浆中后期叶面喷施2%浓度尿素溶液均能提高籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量, 且以开花后21 d喷施对籽粒蛋白质产量提高的幅度更大。

2.6 氮素利用效率

如表6所示, 叶面喷氮时间相同的条件下, N2处理氮素利用效率和氮肥偏生产力显著高于N0、N6和N10处理, N2处理氮素吸收效率与N0处理无显著差异, 但显著高于N6和N10处理。与N0处理相比, 开花后7 d和21 d叶面喷施2%浓度尿素溶液(N2), 两年度平均氮素利用效率分别提高0.4 kg kg–1和0.7 kg kg–1。说明灌浆中后期叶面喷氮比灌浆前期喷氮更有利于提高氮素利用效率。

表4 不同处理对冬小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素的影响

S: 开花后7 d; T: 开花后21 d; N0: 0浓度尿素溶液; N2: 2%浓度尿素溶液; N6: 6%浓度尿素溶液; N10: 10%浓度尿素溶液。数据后不同字母表示同一年度的不同处理之间差异显著(< 0.05)。

S: 7 days post anthesis; T: 21 days post anthesis; N0: 0 concentration urea solution; N2: 2% urea solution; N6: 6% concentration urea solution; N10: 10% concentration urea solution. Different lowercase letters followed the data indicate significant difference among treatments at each growing season at< 0.05.

表5 不同处理对冬小麦籽粒含氮量、蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量的影响

(续表5)

S: 开花后7 d; T: 开花后21 d; N0: 0浓度尿素溶液; N2: 2%浓度尿素溶液; N6: 6%浓度尿素溶液; N10: 10%浓度尿素溶液。数据后不同字母表示同一年度的不同处理之间差异显著(< 0.05)。

S: 7 days post anthesis; T: 21 days post anthesis; N0: 0 concentration urea solution; N2: 2% urea solution; N6: 6% concentration urea solution; N10: 10% concentration urea solution. Different lowercase letters followed the data indicate significant difference among treatments at each growing season at< 0.05.

表6 不同处理对氮素利用效率、氮素吸收效率及氮肥偏生产力的影响

NUtE: 氮素利用效率; NUpE: 氮素吸收效率; PFPn: 氮肥偏生产力; S: 开花后7 d; T: 开花后21 d; N0: 0浓度尿素溶液; N2: 2%浓度尿素溶液; N6: 6%浓度尿素溶液; N10: 10%浓度尿素溶液。数据后不同字母表示同一年度的不同处理之间差异显著(< 0.05)。

NUtE: nitrogen use efficiency; NUpE: nitrogen uptake efficiency; PFPn: nitrogen partial factor productivity; S: 7 days post anthesis; T: 21 days post anthesis; N0: 0 concentration urea solution; N2: 2% urea solution; N6: 6% concentration urea solution; N10: 10% concentration urea solution. Different lowercase letters followed the data indicate significant difference among treatments at each growing season at< 0.05.

3 讨论

氮素利用效率的高低取决于植株吸收氮素生产干物质的能力以及营养器官中的氮素向籽粒转运的能力[11-12]。增加植株地上部氮素积累量可提高氮素吸收效率, 提高成熟期氮素收获指数可提高氮素利用效率[13-15]。有研究表明, 开花后叶面喷施尿素能增加冬小麦地上部植株氮素积累量, 从而维持较高的氮素吸收效率[16-17], 然而, 花后14 d叶面喷施12%浓度尿素溶液虽然显著提高小麦植株及籽粒的氮素含量, 并不能提高氮素收获指数和氮素利用效率[18]。本研究发现开花后7 d或21 d喷施6%和10%的尿素溶液, 未能提高冬小麦植株氮素收获指数, 这与前人结果类似。喷施2%的尿素溶液与喷施高浓度尿素溶液相比, 虽然在一定程度上减少了开花后氮素同化量, 但是显著提高了茎秆+叶鞘、穗轴+颖壳、叶片中贮藏氮素向籽粒的再转运量, 增加了氮素向籽粒的分配量和分配比例, 显著提高了籽粒氮素积累量和氮素收获指数, 氮素利用效率明显提高。说明适宜的尿素喷施浓度不仅有利于冬小麦氮素同化, 而且明显促进花前营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒中的再分配, 这是其调控冬小麦获得高氮素利用效率的原因。有研究指出库的容量是氮素再转运和籽粒氮素积累的主要决定因素[19], 叶面喷氮显著提高了冬小麦灌浆平均速率和粒重, 明显增大了库强度, 这可能是加速营养器官氮素向籽粒转运的原因。亦有研究表明, 花期喷氮可显著提高籽粒中谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷丙转氨酶的活性, 从而引发更强的氮素代谢和籽粒对氮素的需求, 促进花前营养器官氮素再转运[20]。本研究还发现, 灌浆中后期喷施2%的尿素溶液比灌浆前期喷施更有利于氮素利用效率的提高, 表现为较大的增幅。这可能与籽粒灌浆期间空气温湿度较适宜, 后期喷氮延缓了植株衰老, 明显提高了冬小麦光合同化和干物质生产能力有关。

开花后叶面喷氮可显著提高小麦千粒重和籽粒产量[18-21], 但也有研究认为开花期或灌浆早期叶面喷氮对籽粒产量无提升效果, 仅提高籽粒蛋白质含量[22]。本试验在开花后7 d和21 d叶面喷施2%的尿素溶液均能显著提高小麦粒重和籽粒产量, 而且花后21 d喷施与花后7 d喷施相比, 籽粒产量的增幅更大。这可能与冬小麦灌浆中后期喷氮有利于延长籽粒灌浆高峰持续时间有关。常规生产中报道的喷施尿素浓度一般为1.0%～1.5%[23-24]。有研究表明叶面喷施尿素溶液浓度在2.5%以下时, 小麦千粒重和籽粒产量随叶面喷施尿素溶液浓度的提高而增加, 浓度过高反而会降低籽粒产量[9], 但也有喷施10%的高浓度尿素溶液可增产7.8%的研究报道[25]。本研究发现, 开花后叶面喷施2%的尿素溶液能显著提高千粒重和籽粒产量,继续提高尿素溶液浓度至6%和10%, 麦芒和叶片梢部均出现烧伤现象, 籽粒产量不再增加, 反而呈降低趋势, 这与喷施尿素浓度过高导致光合器官受损、籽粒灌浆高峰持续时间缩短有关[9]。

开花后叶面喷施尿素可显著提高籽粒氮素含量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量[26-27]; 花后14 d喷氮处理的籽粒蛋白质含量显著高于花后7 d喷氮处理, 继续推迟喷氮时间籽粒蛋白质含量进一步提高[28]。本试验结果也证明开花后喷施尿素溶液可显著提高蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量, 但开花后21 d喷施与开花后7 d喷施相比, 籽粒蛋白质含量无显著差异, 仅增加了籽粒蛋白质产量, 这可能与开花后21 d喷氮处理籽粒产量增幅较大, 籽粒中淀粉等碳基化合物与氮素同步积累有关[29]。有研究认为开花后叶面喷施不同浓度的氮肥溶液对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量提升的幅度是一致的[30-31], 但也有研究认为籽粒蛋白质含量随喷施尿素溶液浓度的提高而提高[32]。本研究发现, 在0～10%浓度范围内, 籽粒蛋白质含量随喷施尿素溶液浓度的提高呈先增加后降低的趋势, 在2%浓度水平下达到最高。上述结果说明开花后适时适量叶面喷施尿素溶液可以实现冬小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量的同步提高。

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Effects of foliar spraying of urea post anthesis on nitrogen uptake and utilization and yield in winter wheat

CHEN Jia-Jun1, LIN Xiang2, GU Shu-Bo1, WANG Wei-Yan2, ZHANG Bao-Jun2, ZHU Jun-Ke3, and WANG Dong2,*

1Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China;2College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;3Zibo Hefeng Seed Technology Co., Ltd., Linzi 255000, Shandong, China

Foliar spraying of nitrogen fertilizer can delay senescence and increase yield of wheat post anthesis, but few studies of its effect on nitrogen use efficiency of wheat is known. In this study, Jimai 229, a strong gluten winter wheat variety, was used as experimental material, and a two-factor random block design was used to set two periods of urea spraying on leaves, namely 7 d (S) and 21 d (T) post anthesis. Setting 4 urea solution concentrations (0, 2%, 6%, and 10%) was to explore the effects of foliar urea spraying post anthesis on nitrogen absorption and accumulation, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat. The results showed that grain yield of wheat increased first and then decreased with the increase of spraying urea solution concentration, and reached the highest at 2% concentration (5.1% higher than the control), mainly due to the increase of 1000-grain weight (3.3% higher than the control). Spraying 2% urea solution at different times post anthesis promoted the redistribution of pre-flowering storage nitrogen to grains, and increased the amount of post-flowering assimilation nitrogen to grains by 8.8% and 21.1%, respectively. Grain nitrogen accumulation per unit area and nitrogen harvest index increased by 10.9% and 7.9%, respectively, resulting in significantly increasing the grain nitrogen content, protein content, and nitrogen use efficiency. When 2% urea solution was applied foliar spraying, and the spraying time was delayed from 7 days post anthesis to 21 days post anthesis, the increase of grain nitrogen accumulation, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency was greater. In conclusion, spraying 2% urea solution on leaves post anthesis can promote the absorption of nitrogen and the redistribution of temporary storage nitrogen in vegetative organs to grains post anthesis, thus significantly improving grain protein content and yield, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency. Grain protein content and yield, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency were increased more by spraying at the middle and late filling stages than at the early filling stage.

winter wheat; foliar spray; urea; nitrogen use efficiency; grain yield

10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.11116

本研究由山东省重点研发计划项目(LJNY202010)和陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021ZDLNY01-05)资助。

This study was supported by the Key Research & Development Program Project of Shandong Province (LJNY202010) and the Key Research & Development Program Project of Shaanxi Province (2021ZDLNY01-05).

通信作者(Corresponding author):王东, E-mail: wangd@nwafu.edu.cn

E-mail: 1107289168@qq.com

2021-12-28;

2022-05-05;

2022-05-10.

URL: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1809.S.20220510.1326.004.html

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).