赵娟
[摘 要]文章借助SOLO分类理论,探究了高中英语阅读表达试题的审题与解题策略,以期实现深度学习下的深度评价,探索出基于测评的深度学习具体实践路径。
[关键词]深度学习;SOLO分类理论;高考;阅读表达
[中图分类号] G633.41 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-6058(2022)22-0026-04
从2020年开始,北京市大兴区成为教育部深度学习项目实验区之一,区内所有中学都被列为实验校。作为区域教研人员,以及项目参与人和SOLO学习项目优秀成员,笔者结合2021年北京高考英语卷的新题型——阅读表达,在学习期间与实践过程中进行了有关高中英语学科深度学习科学落地的探索,也进行了该题型测评方面的细化策略研究。
一、深度学习的内涵
深度学习是指在教学中,学生积极参与、全身心投入、获得健康发展的有意义的学习过程;其特点是活动与体验、本质与变式、联想与结构、迁移与创新、价值与评价;其定位在于既从学生立场出发,直指学生有深度、有意义的学习,又从教师角度切入,引导教师在对教学做系统思考和相应研究的基础上进行教学设计和评价等;其注重对核心素养目标的追求。其中,测评是重点和难点,也是体现该理论落地的输出点。
二、SOLO分类理论的测评指导
SOLO分类理论最早由澳大利亚学者提出,是一种以等级描述为基本特征的质性评价方法。采用SOLO分类理论测评试题由低阶到高阶分为5个层级,分别为:前结构水平(P)、单点结构水平(U)、多点结构水平(M)、关联结构水平(R)和拓展抽象水平(E)。其作为关注意义和思维的评价体系,科学而紧密地对接了高中英语学科核心素養的学习理解、应用实践、迁移创新层级。
三、高中英语阅读表达试题测评研究的展开路径
(一)实证探究的问题
1.高三年级英语学科阅读表达试题测评中学生SOLO分类理论视角审题解题进阶能力培养。
2.学生不了解阅读表达试题完全按SOLO分类理论的层级结构进行设问,解答时跑偏。
3.对于阅读表达试题的4个小题(通常为卷子中的第40~43题),依照SOLO分类理论的设问原则和相对应的答题策略、步骤等进行探究。
(二)实施路径
1.对阅读表达题的4个小问题应用SOLO分类理论进行审题优化,尤其注意评价研究。
2.以整个北京市大兴区作为实验区,采集阅读表达题的4个小问题答题数据并进行分析。
3.将SOLO分类理论结合高中英语教学实践作为整个实验区的高中教研主题,进行系列化教研与教学,惠及北京新高考和新课标下的高中学生。
(三)研究方案进阶
1.创建北京高考新题型——阅读表达试题资源包(注:本高考试题仅为说明文文体)。
2.依据试题资源包进行第40~43题的SOLO分类理论视域层级匹配划分。
3.依据试题资源包进行第40~43题的高中英语新课标提出的核心素养(学习活动观)及学业水平评价指标匹配划分。
4.将以上第2、3小点的划分层级对接调研,初步分析该大题各小题的逐级设问原则。
5.初步优化北京新高考阅读表达试题的解题策略(细化到每一个小题)。
6.将设问原则与相应的解题策略投入教学实践指导,验证假设,检验、修改,得出更体现深度学习的策略结论。
(四)SOLO试题案例分析与模型工具建立
下面是从阅读表达试题资源包中抽取的一道题:
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance—curiosity and discontent(不满足). I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges(驱策力) count for much more than ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.
“The great man,” said Mencius(孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
40. According to this passage, what qualities contribute to a person’s success? (UM,2分,學习理解)
41. What does the example of Galileo tell us? (MR,2分,学习理解)
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
We will have to force ourselves to keep awake when we meet new people and ideas. (MR,3分,应用实践)
43. Do you think you’ve lost your “child’s heart” ever before? Why or why not? (about 40 words)(RE,5分,迁移创新)
根据学生实际作答情况,我们逐题进行了完全基于SOLO分类理论的探究(详见表1至表4):
在4个小题的审题及解题策略探究中,我们关注了SOLO分类理论的进阶视角,发现北京高考阅读表达新题型考查方向与SOLO分类理论高度一致,因此开发了以上的审题与解题工具。所有数据均来源于第一手的教学测评结果。对于4个小题所体现的高中英语学科核心素养的分析,我们在研究时将其放在第一步试题解构中。
四、SOLO视域下指向深度学习的高中英语阅读表达试题测评量规(见表5)
五、反思与展望
基于深度学习目标,我们对北京高考新题型——阅读表达的测评量规进行了一些基于实践的分析和总结。该题型与SOLO分类理论的紧密相关性,是研究如何将深度学习理论落地的要点。当然,工具的探索、深度学习的细化落地、SOLO分类理论的进一步对接还将在以后的教学实践中进阶完善。
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[基金项目]本文为教育部基础教育课程发展中心、课程教材研究所指向核心素养的“深度学习”教学改进项目示范区研究成果。