文/王逢鑫
“桌椅板凳”是汉语家具名词。其英语的对应词分别是table/desk、chair/bench、stool。可是,table/desk、chair/bench、stool可以另引申出别的意思。
table的意思是a piece of furniture that consists of a flat top supported by legs,即“桌子”。按其形状和构造,有long table(长桌)、round table(圆桌)、square table(方桌)、rectangular table(长方桌)、folding table(折叠桌)、pull-out table(伸缩桌)等。按其功能,有office table(办公桌)、computer table(电脑桌)、writing table(写字台)、dinner table(餐桌)、picnic table(野餐桌)、coffee table(咖啡桌)、multi-purpose table(多用桌)等。
由于桌子有个平面,上面可以摆放东西,table具有a list of facts or numbers arranged in a special order usually in rows and columns的引申意义,即“一览表”。例如:school timetable/curricular timetable(课程表、功课表)、table of contents(目录)、airport timetable(机场时刻表)、railway timetable(列车运行时刻表)、departure timetable(出发时刻表)、arrival timetable(到达时刻表)等。
table还具有“a list of sports teams, countries, schools, etc. that shows their positions in a competition”的意思,即“排行榜”,如medal table(奖牌排行榜)。
China ranked third on the medal table with 9 gold medals at the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. 中国代表团在2022年北京冬季奥运会上以9枚金牌位列奖牌榜第三。
desk的意思是“书桌”。有sitting desk(坐式书桌)、standing desk(站立式书桌)、L-shaped desk(L形书桌)、treadmill desk(跑步机书桌)等。
information desk即“问询处”或“服务台”,可以简化为desk。例如:
1. At the airport, the passenger went to the desk to ask where the taxi rank was. 在机场,这位旅客到服务台询问出租汽车站在什么地方。
2. In the lost-and-found office, I went to the desk and claimed my missing money. 在失物招领处,我到服务台认领我丢失的钱。
chair本是家具,后来具有seat of office or authority(职务或权威的位置)的引申意义。英国历史上,最先由男性主政,出现了chairman一词,其最初的意思是“occupier of a chair of office or authority, especially someone chosen to preside over a meeting”(职位或权力的占有者,尤其指主持会议的人),即“主席”。后来随着女性参政,出现了female chairman(女性主席)。人们用chairwoman/chairlady区别于chairman(男性主席)。由于chairman和chairwoman/chairlady含有man和woman/lady 等突出性别的词,人们常用 chair 或 chairperson,表示“性别中立”(gender-neural)。例如:
People often use “Madam Chair” to address a female chair. 人们常用Madam Chair称呼一位女主席。
bench义为“长椅”,例如:park bench(公园长椅)。bench与英国议会相关的释义是a seat where a particular group of politicians sit,即“议员席”。例如:There was cheering from the Opposition benches. 反对党议员席那里传来欢呼声。
bench与体育相关的释义是the seat where players sit when they are not playing in the game,即“场边的运动员休息区”。例如:the substitutes’ bench(替补运动员休息区)。
bench 的意义由“长椅”发展为“坐长椅的特殊人物”。bench与法律相关的释义是a judge in a court of law,即“法官”。例如:
His lawyer turned to address the bench. 他的律师转身对法官讲话。
stool即“凳子”。例如:footstool(脚凳)、bar stool(酒吧高凳)、piano stool(钢琴凳)、low stool(矮凳)等。closestool即“马桶”,nightstool是“马桶”的另一种说法。
英语中,从“凳子”联想到“马桶”,又从“马桶”联想到“粪便”。stool的引申义为“粪便”是一个委婉语。例如:His stools have been loose recently. The doctor has to exam his stool. 近来他的粪便很稀。医生要验他的大便。 □