结尾精心设计 续写有效提分

2022-10-17 04:05浙江
教学考试(高考英语) 2022年6期

浙江 周 萍

读后续写题型的文章多为记叙文。记叙文的叙事结构分开头、中间、结尾三个部分:开头呈现情境,为事件的发生和发展做出说明;中间是记叙文的主要部分,讲述事件发生的过程,通常包含不同形式的冲突;结尾揭示动作的意义。因此,精心设计故事结尾,能够给读者留下深刻的印象和回味的空间,让人久久不忘。然而,很多学生一方面不够重视结尾设计,另一方面写作时间不够用,所以在续写时,有的学生的故事结束得潦草敷衍,有些结尾异常生硬,还有些没有扣住主题,比较松散。

因此,笔者在日常的读后续写教学中,在引导学生重视故事的结尾设计的同时,还对于如何精心设计结尾提出了具体的指导策略。

一、设计故事结尾的策略

1.明确故事主题

主题是某种观念、某种意义、某种对人物或事件的诠释,是体现在整个作品中对生活的深刻而又融贯统一的观点。在读后续写题的给定材料中,命题者或直接阐明或若隐若现地给出了文章的主旨大意,它是学生续写的方向、前提假设和已知条件。明确故事主题有助于找到正确的逻辑线索,从而按照正确的方向发展和续写故事。因此,在阅读故事时,有必要先明确故事的主题语境是人与自然、人与社会,还是人与自我。人与自然体现人与环境、动植物之间的关系;人与社会强调的是人与大的社会环境的交往与互动;人与自我则以自我为指向,注重自身的发展与完善。明确这一点之后,再进一步缩小范围。

2.区分故事类型

读后续写的故事通常以真实世界为基础,无科学幻想,无童话传说,所以,根据故事的内容,从故事主人公的角度,可将故事分成三个典型且常见的类型:接受启发型、解决问题型和施与善意型。接受启发型通常指主人公在某一个人生的阶段,依托周围人的引导、鼓励或启示,顺利走出困境。解决问题型指的是主人公遇到了困难或问题,最终凭借勇气或智慧克服了困难,解决了问题。施与善意型则指主人公对于周围的人施与了善意、关心和爱,这给接受者带来了改变。以上的分类仅基于具体的读后续写教学实践,并非严格意义上的分类讨论,也并未穷尽所有的续写类型。如故事符合上述的描述,则可根据故事的内容,选择续写侧重的故事类型。

3.确定相应结尾

在故事类型确定后,再根据不同的故事类型和语言特点来确定相应的结尾。其中,接受启发型故事对应“记录瞬间式”的结尾,解决问题型故事对应“融情于景式”的结尾,施与善意型故事对应“回应点题式”的结尾。以不同的结尾对应不同的故事类型,便于学生在较短的时间内,完成故事的续写。有必要的话,教师还可以引导学生归纳不同结尾的句式框架,便于使用。

二、三种形式的结尾设计及案例

1.记录瞬间式

记录瞬间式结尾指的是在故事结尾处,以某一个瞬间的定格来结束。读后续写的故事中,有很多主人公因父母、老师或朋友的鼓励产生了较大的触动,即上文所提及的接受启发型故事。此类故事,在结尾处可拉长故事的时间线,指向未来,如:Many years later 或Nowadays,跳出故事原本的时间和空间,说明重要人物的支持对主人公产生的影响有了具体的结果,同时体现出主人公对于这种启发和鼓励的珍惜。这将增加故事的可读性,给读者留下深刻的印象。

【教学案例1】

浙江省某中学高二测试的读后续写给定材料的故事梗概为:“我”参加学校的戏剧表演,原定的角色是公主,但是因为一站上台,就记不住台词,老师决定把“我”的角色换成旁白。“我”很不开心。回家吃午饭时,妈妈没有像往常一样,和“我”一起练台词,反而把“我”带到院子里。院子里有玫瑰,还有蒲公英。妈妈说要把杂草全部锄去,只剩下玫瑰。“我”不同意,认为每朵花都有自己的美丽之处。

通过阅读可知,故事的主人公是一个还在读小学的女孩。参加学校戏剧表演反映了该续写的主题为学校生活,且故事围绕她对于公主和旁白两个角色的理解展开,所以可以确定故事的主题语境为“人与自我”中的“认识自我,丰富自我,完善自我”。故事中除“我”之外的重要角色是妈妈,随着故事的发展,“我”对于旁白这一幕后角色的认知和理解有所变化,这与妈妈的启发和引导密不可分,所以故事类型为“接受启发型”。

给定材料的第一段对“我在读小学时回家吃午饭”这一背景专门做了介绍。段末是这样写的“Actually,our lunch time together in the past year had had a great influence on my life before I realized it.”和家人一起的中餐时间对“我”今后的人生产生了影响。这可以作为故事继续发展的逻辑线索。在故事结尾时,应该提及。同时,故事中的“princess,narrator”和“rose,dandelion”呈现出两组对应关系,即公主就像玫瑰一样光彩照人,蒲公英像旁白一样朴实无华。续写的重点应落在蒲公英和旁白上。此外,从续写两段的段首句“Do you mean that every flower has its own beauty?”asked my mother thoughtfully.和“But you will be a beautiful narrator,”Mom said.可以推断,妈妈将会由不同的花的魅力谈到不同角色的价值,以此启发和引导“我”,使“我”摆脱之前郁闷、沮丧的情绪,最终找到自己的定位。所以,以珍藏某个场景的记忆来结束故事,可以延续故事的逻辑,体现妈妈的引导所产生的影响。完成的续写作品如下:

“Do you mean that every flower has its own beauty?”asked my mother thoughtfully.I nodded without hesitation,staring at the yellow dandelion shining in the sun.“The same to you,”she added.“Not everyone can be a rose,and it is also an honor to be a dandelion.”Knowing that my mother had guessed my pain,I began to pour out my unease.She listened to me patiently and patted me on the back tenderly.I told my mother I was unwilling to give up the role of princess,which meant my efforts was in vain.

“But you will be a beautiful narrator,”Mom said.She reminded me of how fluently I could deliver my part at home.Only then did I realize that maybe I was more suitable for a role backstage.I practiced my lines heart and soul with my mother at lunch time for weeks.The performance that night was eventually a big success.Nowadays,I have become a famous narrator.On the wall of my office are two pictures —a picture of the yellow dandelions taken by me and another one of a confident girl standing backstage in the school play taken by my mother.

(注:划线句为故事的结尾。下同。)

习作中,先以表演成功对这个故事中的主要事件结果作交代,同时,继续拉长故事的时间维度,说明“我”现在已经成为了一名解说员,这体现了妈妈的引导产生的影响,最后提到办公桌上的两张照片,一张是“我”拍摄的朴素但热烈的蒲公英,另一张是妈妈拍摄的“我”作为旁白参加戏剧表演的样子,既连接了mother’s inspiration,又串起了关键词dandelion 和narrator,非常自然。

2.融情于景式

从某种程度上说,读后续写中,多数故事是解决问题类型的。Macken-Horarik 认为,记叙文的四个构成要素包括定位(orientation)——提供与角色处境相关的信息,问题(complication)——介绍角色需要解决的问题,评价(evaluation)——突出事件对角色的意义,以及决断(resolution)——解决问题。记叙文将角色置于特定的场景,以此烘托人物的性格特征,把需要处理的问题作为导致人物行为改变的契机,通过评价和决断强化变化产生的意义,增加事件的合理性。因问题通常得以解决,所以在结尾处,主人公会表现出开心、自豪、感动和充满成就感等积极正向的情绪,此时可以用微风、鸟鸣、阳光、月光和落日等体现美好的自然景物进行衬托和融合。

【教学案例2】

浙江省某中学高二测试的读后续写给定材料的故事梗概为:Today my parents and I would go zip lining(高空滑索).It was my first time experiencing something like this.Although I was excited about this activity,I thought of my fear of heights as it approached.I became nervous and anxious when I looked down the cliff.

整个故事的结构非常清晰,虽然有父母与教练等人,但故事的中心聚焦在“我”如何克服害怕,完成高空滑索这一任务上,所以主题语境仍然为“人与自我”,强调自我成长。故事的类型也很明显,是解决问题型。在给定材料中,主人公的情绪有一个变化的过程,刚开始对此非常兴奋,但当“我”在去高空滑索的路上,“我”想到了自己的恐高症,开始感到紧张和害怕。从续写的段首句“Alright y’all,time to hit the trails!” said the instructor with too much enthusiasm.和My turn finally came.推断,最终我克服了困难,解决了问题。所以,以愉快、兴奋和充满成就感的情绪结束故事比较合适。而且,故事本身就有多处描写景物,以景物来衬托心情的句子,如:

The sun was out,making a warm and bright morning.

Half way through the ride,the sun grew hot,and the leather on the seats burned my legs.

We were basically there by now,the sun still blazing hot.

My heart skipped a beat when the wind howled,blowing leaves and twigs in the trees.

因此在故事的结尾延续对这些景物的描写,不仅能够延续故事的语言风格,而且能够融情于景,抒发我的喜悦之情。完成的续写作品如下:

“Alright y’all,time to hit the trails!”said the instructor with too much enthusiasm.My parents hit the trails with full confidence,but my palm was sweating and I couldn’t do that.“Don’t worry,boy,just look at how your Dad do!”Dad clenched the line,slipping down without a second thought.As he got to the ground,he waved to me at the opposite side.A chill of fear went down my spine the instant I stepped on the edge of the cliff.At the moment,the instructor pushed me down,my mind was blank and every part of me was plunged into fear.

My turn finally came.A mixed feeling of fear and excitement seized me.Closing my eyes,I was determined to start.Just at that moment,all of my fear vanished and I felt like that I was flying like a bird.After some seconds,I was on the ground.I was enveloped with overwhelming delight and I gave a bone-crushing hug to my parents.I yelled at the top of my lung,“I made it! I made it!”My parents grinned.The sun was still blazing hot and the wind still howled in the mountains,but at that time they were so comfortable and pleasant for me.

故事的结尾,再一次提到了太阳和狂风。之前,炙热的太阳让“我”不舒服,狂风让胆小的“我”颤抖恐惧,而此时,它们对于成功克服恐惧、志满意得的“我”,竟是那样的舒适宜人。这之间的对比,让读者不禁莞尔,充分体现了以景衬情、融情于景的写作方法。

3.回应点题式

美国语言学家拉波夫提出,一个完整的叙事结构应包含以下六个部分:点题、指向、进展、评议、结局和回应。回应作为叙事结构的一部分,可以理解为点题,让人回到叙述的起点,引发人们对整个故事的思考,有时会传递一定的价值观。回应点题式结尾指的是在结尾处呼应故事开头的重要细节或点明故事的主题,既能保证故事在前面的伏笔达成效果,又能让读者对故事有一个完整的印象。一般将回应点题式结尾运用于施与善意型故事中,用以说明善良不仅给接受者带来改变,而且让施与者自己对自己、生活或他人产生与故事开始时不同的印象或感悟。同时,在结尾处点题,只要一两句话,点到即可,无需长篇大论,画蛇添足。

【教学案例3】

浙江省某市高三测试的读后续写题型给定材料的情节概要是:At noon that day,I drove back to my house after the performance.Just as I entered the living room,I heard a gentle sound coming from the bedroom upstairs.The thief was a boy of about 12 years old.When I saw his eyes full of fear and despair,I took him for“Michael”,Mr.Ram’s nephew,a person who didn’t actually exist.I also gave my favourite violin to him after the boy told me he liked the violin but could not afford it.

故事发生在“我”与一个陌生的男孩之间,所以从主题语境的角度,可以确定为“人与社会”。而且,“我”对男孩的善良和照顾在文中体现得非常直白,所以故事类型应归为“施与善意型”。故事的开头并无特别,但转折发生在“我”看到了男孩眼中的害怕和绝望时。“我”编了一个谎言,此后“我”还慷慨地把小提琴送给了男孩,让他能够坚持自己的音乐梦想。故事中,“我”编造的那段话“Are you Mr.Ram’s nephew,Michael? I’m his housekeeper.Two days ago,I heard his nephew living in the countryside will come.It must be you.You’re really like him!”和给定材料的最后部分,I was sure that the boy had understood what happened because no one would decorate the living room with the housekeeper’s photo.既是故事的重点,也是理解故事主题的难点。从续写的段首句A few years later,I was invited to be a judge at a music competition of senior high school students.和 After the competition,“Michael”ran to me,holding a violin box.可以推断出,男孩一直在练习小提琴,并且发生了巨大的改变。故事最后应点明主题,这样才能体现故事存在的价值和传达的意义。完成的续写作品如下:

A few years later,I was invited to be a judge at a music competition of senior high school students.Fascinated by the gentle sound of one participant,I was wholeheartedly impressed by his wonderful performance.As I looked up at the performer,I was astonished to see a thin face,so familiar,yet now lit up with joy and confidence.The“thief ”! I couldn’t believe my eyes,with my mouth open,my heart filled with questions.Before I could figure everything out,a burst of applause erupted from the audience.Undoubtedly,he ranked first in the competition.

After the competition,“Michael”ran to me,holding a violin box.He asked with a slight tremble in his voice,his face blushed with excitement,“Sir,do you recognize me? The nephew! It’s your kindness that enlightens my life,so does your violin.Today,I can return it to you without regret.”He handed the violin box to me.With mixed feelings,I couldn’t even bring out a word.Never had I anticipated that a tiny white lie would inject such great power into the boy and change his life completely.

用“我完全没有想到,一个善意的谎言对男孩有如此大的力量,而且改变了他的人生。”来作为结尾既呼应了之前的谎言,也点明了故事的主题,即善意带来改变。

三、结语

读后续写故事的结构各有不同,但只要明确故事的主题,区分故事的类型,对应相应的结尾,就能较好地完成结尾的设计。值得一提的是,以上类型并不能面面俱到。在熟练掌握各种类型后,学生可以自由选择,甚至可以自己归纳、总结不同的故事类型,设计不同的结尾,以达成最终目标,即讲一个令人回味悠长、有所启迪的故事。