Possible effect of great plantain on tumoral cell angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is known as a biological pathway that results in the formation of new capillary blood vessels originating from the pre-existing vascular system [1].The mechanism of angiogenesis is complicated because it is associated with multiple intricate interactions between various biological elements including different cells, soluble angiogenic agents,and extracellular molecules.It essentially comprises four discrete sequential stages:(1)Proteolytic enzymes degrade glycoproteins of the basement membrane and other extracellular matrix components which blood vessels are surrounded by them; (2)The activation and migration of endothelial cells; (3) The proliferation of endothelial cells; (4) Transforming endothelial cells into tube-like constructs, creating capillary tubes, and generating new basement membranes [2].Angiogenesis is induced by a balance between proand anti-angiogenic agents.When there is a shortage of oxygen within cells, pro-angiogenic growth components including transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) [3], fibroblast growth factors [4], vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [5], epidermal growth factor[6],and angiopoietin-1[7],are released.

VEGF is highly expressed in a significant number of solid tumors.It is commonly regarded as a primary mediator of tumor angiogenesis [8, 9].As a result, in recent decades, anti-angiogenic therapy has been primarily focused on the design of VEGF inhibitors.Monotherapy of inhibiting VEGF, decreased microvascular density and prevented tumor development in subcutaneous human xenografts of several cancer types, according to preclinical data.Anti-angiogenic therapy even led to a significant reduction in metastasis, particularly in preclinical models of colorectal cancer[10,11].

作为拥有超过百年历史的全球大型家电制造企业，惠而浦积累了超过百年的消费者洞察经验，努力致力于在消费升级的大趋势下进行创新，将人们从繁琐的家务中解放，赋予人们更多的精力和时间去享受生活，达到理想的生活状态。

要知道，爱与认知是统一的，爱我们的历史就会深刻认知我们的历史，要深刻认知我们的历史就必须爱我们的历史。光凭背诵式的记忆不仅做不到这点，而且还适得其反。我早年的背诵经历所证明的恰恰就是这个真理。

Primary objective of anti-angiogenesis therapy is to lower blood flow and deprive tumor cells of nutrients and oxygen [12].Patients receiving anti-angiogenesis treatment, indicated no proper outcomes.Due to the fact that plants are valuable sources of medicine,innovative therapies are required.

Medicinal plants exist in nature, are broadly applied in a wide range of nations worldwide.People utilize them as traditional or pure active formulations due to their recognized therapeutic properties and to avoid the undesirable side effects of prescribed medicine.Take Plantago major L.[13], often referred to as Great plantain [14], as an example.This broadly distributed medicinal plant is a perennial plant species in the genus Plantago and family Plantaginaceae[15].

Plantago major L has been reported to have a variety of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory,immunomodulating, wound healing, analgesic,antiulcerogenic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities[17].

It has been documented that flavonoids are found in Great plantain.The major flavonoids are flavones including apigenin and luteolin [16].In addition, there are some other beneficial components like baicalein,chlorogenic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, oleanolic acid, ferulic acid, ursolic acid, and salicylic acid[13].

大明路是2001年南京市着力打造的 “汽车特色产业街”，红花-机场片区重要的南北向主干道。道路建成17年来，对区域经济发展起到了重要作用。随着运营时间的增长，道路交通量不断增加，各项设施老化、破损，周边环境陈旧、杂乱，整体情况不佳。为适应南部新城建设发展，改善道路沿线出行条件，对大明路整体环境进行整治。

Apigenin was shown in studies to reduce the volume and incidence of tumors, as well as modulating apoptosis, cellular proliferation, inflammation, and angiogenesis biomarkers in hamsters [18].Apigenin therapy decreased the volume of tumors in mice with xenografts of A549 lung cancer.This was ascribed in part to the disruption of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (Hif-1alpha), VEGF pathway, and following inhibition of cell proliferation and angiogenesis[19].According to Salida Mirzoeva et al.,apigenin substantially decreased VEGF production.Furthermore, they observed that apigenin suppresses prostate carcinogenesis by regulating TGF-β-activated pathways associated with cancer development and metastasis, specifically the Smad2/3 and Src/FAK/Akt pathways [20].Baicalein has shown to decrease VEGF and angiogenesis induced by basic fibroblast growth factor through decreasing the proliferation of endothelial cells [21, 22].Yang-Gyu Park et al.indicated that baicalein reduced proliferation and migration.Moreover, it caused tumor death by activating caspase-3 in B16F10 and Lewis lung carcinoma cells, and significantly prevented tube formation as well as cell migration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells[23].

According to the mentioned studies, Great plantain can be hypothesized as a good and rich source to prevent tumoral angiogenesis and thus it is able to stop tumor growth due to its components.Therefore,Plantain is suggested as a medicinal herb for next experimental and clinical research in tumoral angiogenesis.

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