黄强 宋睿 郭常敏 张彬 刘靓懿
[摘要] 目的 觀察胃复安对腹腔镜阑尾切术后胃肠道功能恢复的临床效果。方法 选取2021年1~7月四川省色达县人民医院行腹腔镜阑尾切除术的患者60例,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各30例。对照组术后仅给予常规抗感染、抑酸、补液等治疗;观察组在上述治疗的基础上加用胃复安。以胃肠功能如首次闻及肠鸣音、肛门首次排气排便等作为观察指标,记录数据进行统计学比较,评价胃复安对腹腔镜阑尾切除术后胃肠功能恢复的临床疗效。结果 观察组患者术后首次闻及肠鸣音时间、首次排气时间、首次排便时间及住院时间明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术后并发症总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义。但观察组术后出现恶心、呕吐、腹胀例数少于对照组。结论 胃复安可加速腹腔镜下阑尾切除术后患者胃肠功能的恢复。
[关键词] 胃复安;急性阑尾炎;腹腔镜下阑尾切除术;胃肠功能
[中图分类号] R656.8 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2022)16-0086-03
Clinical observation on the efficacy of metoclopramide in accelerating gastrointestinal function recovery after laparoscopic appendectomy
HUANG Qiang1 SONG Rui1 GUO Changmin1 ZHANG Bin2 LIU Liangyi3
1.Department of Emergency Medicine, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu 611130, China; 2.Department of Surgery, Seda People's Hospital of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Seda 626600, China; 3.Department of Gastroenterology, the People's Hospital of Chongzhou City, Chongzhou 611230, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of metoclopramide on gastrointestinal function recovery after laparoscopic appendectomy (LA). Methods A total of 60 eligible patients who underwent LA from January 2021 to July 2021 were selected as subjects of the clinical study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group, with 30 patients in each group. The control group was given conventional anti-infection, acid suppression and rehydration therapy after surgery, while the observation group was treated with metoclopramide on the basis of conventional treatment. The time of first audible borborygmus, time of first anal exhaust, time of first defecation, as well as the incidence of nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and constipation were observed and recorded for statistical analysis to evaluate the clinical efficacy of metoclopramide on gastrointestinal function recovery after LA. Results The time of first audible borborygmus, time of first anal exhaust, time of first defecation and days of hospital stay in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the total incidence of postoperative complications. However, the number of cases of postoperative nausea, vomiting and abdominal distension in the observation group was less than that in the control group. Conclusion Metoclopramide can accelerate the recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients undergoing LA.
[Key words] Metoclopramide; Acute appendicitis; Laparoscopic appendectomy; Gastrointestinal function
急性阑尾炎是一种常见的胃肠道疾病,每年每100 000人中有5.7~57.0人受到影响,终生累积发病率为9%[1,2]。急性阑尾炎也是导致患者到急诊室就诊的急腹症中最常见原因之一。腹腔镜下阑尾切除术(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)是一种广泛使用的外科手术,也是治疗急性阑尾炎的最有效的手术治疗方法,与开腹阑尾切除术(open appendectomy,OA)相比,减少术后疼痛和并发症,从而缩短住院时间和恢复时间[3~5]。腹部手术后,常会因胃肠功能恢复延迟造成恶心、呕吐、腹胀、排气排便延迟等症状[6]。胃肠功能的及早恢复是患者快速康复的关键。胃复安为多巴胺受体拮抗剂,是一种价格低廉的促进胃肠动力药物,可有效增加胃肠道的运动[7,8]。本文旨在探讨胃复安能否加速腹腔镜下阑尾切除术后胃肠道功能恢复,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取四川省色达县人民医院2021年1~7月在全麻下行腹腔镜下阑尾切除术的急性阑尾炎患者60例,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各30例。诊断标准[9]见表1,纳入标准和排除标准见表2。两组患者在性别、年龄分布、病理分型分布、白细胞计数(术前及术后第2、4天)、手術时间、术中出血量方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表3~4。本研究经四川省色达县人民医院医学伦理委员会审批通过。
1.2 方法
①两组术后均禁食禁饮、卧床休息,于常规排气或排便后再准予进食进饮。
②对照组术后仅给予常规抗感染、抑酸、补液等治疗;观察组在常规治疗的基础上,加用胃复安(遂成药业股份有限公司,国药准字H41021179,规格:1 ml∶10 mg)治疗。①≥6且≤14岁患者:胃复安5 mg iv q12h,连用2 d;②>14且≤60岁患者:胃复安10 mg iv q12h,连用2 d。
1.3 观察指标
①术前白细胞计数(白细胞计数由迈瑞BC-5180CRP全自动血液分析仪测定)。
②术中相关情况:手术时间、术中出血量、阑尾炎病理分型[急性单纯性阑尾炎、急性化脓性阑尾炎、急性穿孔性(坏疽性)阑尾炎、阑尾周围脓肿][10]。
③术后指标:术后第2、4天白细胞计数,术后首次闻及肠鸣音时间(由值班医师间隔1~2 h对患者腹部进行听诊,时间不少于5 min)、肛门首次排气时间、首次排便时间、住院天数、术后并发症。术后的并发症包括恶心、呕吐、腹胀、切口感染、水电解质酸碱平衡紊乱、低蛋白血症、失血性贫血等。
1.4 统计学方法
应用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,计数资料以[n(%)]表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者胃肠功能恢复情况、住院时间比较
观察组术后的首次闻及肠鸣音时间、首次排气时间、首次排便时间、住院天数明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),说明术后使用胃复安有助于胃肠功能的恢复,从而降低住院天数。见表5。
2.2 两组的术后并发症比较
两组术后均未发生严重水电解质酸碱平衡紊乱、低蛋白血症、失血性贫血等并发症,对照组术后出现恶心4例,呕吐1例,腹胀3例,便秘1例,伤口感染2例,观察组术后出现恶心2例,呕吐0例,腹胀1例,便秘1例,伤口感染2例。两组术后并发症的发生率分别为36.67%(11/30)和20.00%(6/30)。因样本量较少,在并发症的比较中,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但观察组在使用胃复安后,出现恶心、呕吐、腹胀例数少于对照组。见表6。
3 讨论
急性阑尾炎是患者急诊室就诊最常见的急腹症之一,通常需要急诊手术治疗。腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA)已成为治疗急性阑尾炎的最有效的手术治疗方法[3]。因手术打击所引起的神经调节机制、免疫介导的炎症反应机制以及药理学机制相关等原因,可造成胃肠功能短暂丧失,严重者可造成术后麻痹性肠梗阻[6]。有调查显示,阑尾切除术后并发症的发生率为3.0%~28.7%[1],虽然死亡率低,但会增加住院天数。
加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)计划是多学科、多模式的护理途径。最初是由Henrik Kehlet教授在1997年提出,旨在优化围手术期管理,减少手术的应激反应,并加素患者的康复。ERAS计划的要素基于通过降低对手术的神经激素反应和保持合成代谢稳态来减轻手术压力,从而降低器官功能障碍和并发症的发生率[11,12]。随着理念的提出与发展,有效地缩短住院时间、减少并发症、减少再入院和减少总医疗费用,这主要是在择期手术中运用[13,14]。而在急诊手术患者中运用快速康复外科计划仍具有挑战性。
LA的患者,术后的胃肠功能能否快速恢复,是减少术后并发症、住院时间的关键。ERAS计划中,对加快术后胃肠功能恢复的措施较多,如鼓励下地行走、早期饮食、多模式镇痛和药物干预等[14,15]。而药物方面,胃复安在加快胃肠功能恢复中也起着重要作用。有研究表明,胃复安能有效加快进腹部手术患者的胃肠功能恢复[15]。胃复安加快胃肠功能恢复的机制是通过刺激肠道平滑肌收缩,导致通过小肠的时间减少,但对结肠活动的影响仍有待明确。胃复安也可通过提高化学感受器触发区和外周机制的呕吐阈值,可有效预防人类阿扑吗啡引起的呕吐,并在动物中预防阿扑吗啡、海德根、利血平、河豚毒素和硫酸铜引起的呕吐。在通常的治疗剂量下,胃复安的耐受性良好。副作用通常是轻微和短暂的,很少需要停药。主要包括在口服或肠胃外给药后出现的困倦、烦躁、肠紊乱、头晕和昏厥。在本研究中,观察组在使用胃复安后,首次闻及肠鸣音时间、首次排气时间、首次排便时间均短于对照组,从而降低患者的住院时间。术后并发症情况,两组均未发生严重并发症,因样本量较少,差异无统计学意义,但是观察组出现恶心、呕吐、腹胀并发症的例数少于对照组。
本研究中,经过胃复安治疗的30例患者,在首次闻及肠鸣音时间、首次排气时间、首次排便时间、住院时间均短于对照组。由此本研究组认为胃复安可加速腹腔镜阑尾切除术后胃肠功能的恢复。但色达县平均海拔高达4000 m以上,研究对象具有区域特性且样本量偏少,缺乏多中心的相关对照研究,可能出现资料的统计偏差。
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(收稿日期:2021-11-18)