乳房置入物相关间变大细胞淋巴瘤的研究进展

2022-07-13 22:35:43谢嘉桁史京萍
中国美容医学 2022年6期
关键词:淋巴瘤并发症

谢嘉桁 史京萍

[摘要]乳房曲线是女性美的特征,因乳腺癌失去乳房会导致女性自卑、心理健康受损、社会融入度降低。乳房重建的出现有效改善了这一情况,其中置入物乳房重建是最常用的手术方式。但置入物相关并发症的发生影响手术效果、降低患者满意度,其中乳房置入物相关间变大细胞淋巴瘤(Breast implant-associated anaplastic cell lymphoma,BIA-ALCL)曾引起許多患者的恐慌。BIA-ALCL是一种非霍奇金T细胞淋巴瘤,常见临床表现为假体周围的延迟性血清肿,也可表现为实性肿块、包膜挛缩、腋窝淋巴结肿大等。及时诊治能够显著改善BIA-ALCL患者预后,延迟诊断后果严重,甚至导致死亡。我国乳房重建患者基数大,虽暂无BIA-ALCL病例被报道,但临床工作者仍需掌握此病的诊治方法,以提高临床效果和患者满意度。

[关键词]乳房重建;淋巴瘤;乳房假体;并发症

[中图分类号]R655.8    [文献标志码]A    [文章编号]1008-6455(2022)06-0186-04

Advances in Breast Implant-associated Anaplastic Cell Lymphoma

XIE Jiaheng, SHI Jingping

(Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029,Jiangsu,China)

Abstract: Breast curves are a feature of female beauty. Losing breasts due to breast cancer will lead to women's inferiority, impaired mental health and reduced social integration. The emergence of breast reconstruction has effectively improved this situation, among which implant breast reconstruction is the most commonly used surgical method. However, the occurrence of implant-related complications can affect the surgical outcome and reduce patient satisfaction. Among them, breast implant-associated anaplastic cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) has caused panic in many patients. BIA-ALCL is a non-Hodgkin T cell lymphoma characterized by delayed seroma around the prosthesis, as well as solid mass, capsule contracture, and axillary lymph node enlargement. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the prognosis of BIA-ALCL patients, and delayed diagnosis can lead to serious consequences, even death. The patient base of breast reconstruction in China is large. Although no case of BIA-ALCL has been reported, clinical workers still need to master the diagnosis and treatment of this disease to improve the clinical effect and patient satisfaction.

Key words: breast reconstruction; lymphoma; breast prosthesis; complications

乳房假体置入物广泛应用于女性隆乳手术以及乳腺癌术后重建[1]。随着社会观念的转变和医学治疗模式的发展,接受假体隆乳/乳房重建的患者逐渐增加[2]。假体相关并发症得到各界人士的广泛关注,特别是乳房置入物相关间变大细胞淋巴瘤(BIA-ALCL)[3]。BIA-ALCL是一种非霍奇金T细胞淋巴瘤,该病首例患者于1997年被报道,发病于假体置入35年[4]。随后更多患者不断被发现,2011年,FDA提示该病与假体置入有密切联系,2016年,WHO将其单独归为ALCL的一种新类型,2017年,NCCN发表BIA-ALCL诊治指南并要求医务人员重视此疾病[5]。虽然我国未见BIA-ALCL患者的报道,但延误诊断会导致不良后果,甚至死亡,故有必要将其研究进展进行综述,以便于指导整形外科医生诊治此类疾病,改善患者预后,提高生活质量。

1  流行病学

乳房的淋巴瘤占所有结外淋巴瘤的2%,常为B细胞淋巴瘤(90%),只有10%为T细胞瘤[6]。BIA-ALCL是一种非霍奇金T细胞淋巴瘤,发病率低[7]。由于全球报道病例少、假体销售数量难以准确统计且假体品牌不一,流行病学研究受到明显限制,难以准确估计患病风险。

目前中国尚无病例报道,截止2020年1月5日,FDA已收到733例BIA-ALCL报告[8],在FDA报道的已明确假体表面类型的524份病例中,几乎所有患者为毛面假体置入(496/524,94.7%)。由此可见,BIA-ALCL可能与毛面假体相关。澳大利亚治疗用品管理局估计[9],在毛面假体置入的患者中,患病风险1:2 500~1:25 000;Doren等[10]研究估计美国毛面假体置入患者的患病风险约1:30 000。Brody等[4]对BIA-ALCL发病的地域分布差异进行研究,发现澳大利亚和新西兰发病率最高,可见遗传因素、地理环境可能在发病中起到一定作用。假体品牌的不同,发病率也有差异,在FDA报告的733例中,620例为Allergan假体置入后,其发病率明显高于其他品牌假体,导致其在全球范围内召回产品,由此可见制作工艺的不同也会影响发病率[11]。FDA于2020年1月5日更新的数据显示[8],此病共造成36例患者死亡。死亡患者中已知假体制造商共16例,其中15例为Allergan品牌。已知表面类型共16例,均为毛面假体。

2  病理特点

BIA-ALCL为T细胞淋巴瘤的一种,病理表现为异常T淋巴细胞的集聚。镜下可见细胞体积较正常淋巴细胞大,多形性明显,细胞核不规则,染色质分散,核仁突出,细胞质中等丰富,可见小液泡[12-14]。常见于其他ALCL中的“标志细胞”—即具有马蹄形或肾性细胞核的一组细胞亚群,也可见于BIA-ALCL中。CD30(+)几乎见于所有BIA-ALCL,其他特点还有ALK(-),明显的T细胞受体基因重排[15-18]。

3  发病机制

目前,BIA-ALCL的发病机制仍不明确,在毛面假体出现之前,未有病例被报道[3],故学者猜测其发病与毛面假体有关,主要包括以下机制。

3.1 炎症机制:置入物其表面颗粒刺激宿主产生免疫反应,诱导炎症细胞的趋化与聚集,其中包括CD4+T淋巴细胞[19]。在慢性炎症微环境下,T细胞逐渐发生突变,进而发生肿瘤化[20]。

3.2 细菌机制:BIA-ALCL患者的发病时间与细菌入侵→包膜炎症→免疫激活→肿瘤化这一周期所需时间一致,故学者推测毛面假体可能为细菌提供良好的生长环境,细菌入侵假体表面,形成慢性感染,刺激淋巴细胞增殖,最终形成肿瘤[21]。Hu等学者在确诊病例中发现健侧常与患侧有相同的细菌谱,只是细菌载量较低[22]。除此之外,Hu等学者还发现患者假体表面存在Ralstonia菌。Ralstonia菌是一种非发酵革兰阴性菌,与幽门螺旋杆菌性质相似,而幽门螺旋杆菌可引起胃淋巴瘤,故有学者猜测Ralstonia菌以相似的机制介导BIA-ALCL的发生[23],但这一假设尚未得到证实。

3.3 信号通路突变机制:BIA-ALCL肿瘤细胞中常发生JAK/STAT、TP53、DNMT3A突變[24-25],故信号通路的改变可能是BIA-ALCL的发病中的重要一环,但仍需进一步研究。

3.4 染色体丢失机制:Tjitske等[26]发现20号染色体的部分位点缺失是BIA-ALCL的特点。缺失位点为20q13.13,可导致IL6-JAK1-STAT3通路的改变,可据此与其他类型ALCL鉴别。

4  临床表现

BIA-ALCL最常见的临床表现是置入假体后,出现持续时间>1年的假体周围积液或实性肿块,其他症状包括包膜挛缩、腋窝淋巴结肿大、B型症状(发热、淋巴结病变、盗汗、疲劳)[27-31]。需要注意的是,并不是所有迟发性血清肿都和BIA-ALCL有关,事实上,只有9%的迟发性血清肿是BIA-ALCL导致的[32]。BIA-ALCL的积液特征与血清肿不同,其粘滞性较高,可能与淋巴细胞含量较高有关,可据此与血清肿鉴别[33]。积液常被误诊为假体破裂,但假体破裂不会增加乳房总体积[34],需加以注意。乳房实性肿块是BIA-ALCL次常见的症状[27],发生率10%~40%。其他症状包括包膜挛缩、腋窝淋巴结肿大、B型症状(发热、淋巴结病变、盗汗、疲劳)[28,30,35]。

5  诊断

有乳房假体置入史的患者,术后(大部分为7~10年)出现假体周围积液或实性肿块,症状持续时间>1年,需高度怀疑BIA-ALCL,结合以下检查,可提高诊断精确度。

5.1 影像学检查;对于怀疑BIA-ALCL的患者,均应行影像学检查。由于B超安全、无创、可重复性强的特点,应作为首选检查[33]。当B超难以显示积液和肿块时,推荐使用MRI检查。PET-CT可显示患者的全身情况,有利于临床分期、判断转移部位及指导淋巴结活检[36]。

5.2 细胞学检查:怀疑BIA-ALCL的患者,可在B超指导下行积液抽吸,并进行细胞涂片。可见BIA-ALCL细胞体积较大,多形性,核不规则,染色质分散,核仁突出,细胞质丰富,部分细胞核呈马蹄形或肾形,被称为“标志细胞”[14]。免疫组化可见CD30(+),EMA(+),ALK(-),分子鉴定可见明显的T细胞受体(TCR)重排。

5.3 染色体检查:由前所述,20q13.13位点的缺失可见于大多数BIA-ALCL[26],故可进行基因组测序,探查染色体拷贝数畸变,从而鉴别诊断。

6  分期

淋巴瘤常用的分期方式为Ann Arbor分期,但BIA-ALCL若使用此种方式,几乎所有病例都将被划分为早期,缺乏临床指导意义,故目前推荐使用TNM分期[37]。在疾病的早期阶段,恶性细胞仅在假体周围的液体(IA期)或包膜内部(IB期)或包膜内的肿块(IC期)中被发现。如果肿瘤超出包膜,则为T4期(Ⅱ期)[38]。如果有任何淋巴结或远处器官受影响,提示疾病进展(ⅡB、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期)。近年来报道的病例大致分布如下:IA期 (35%~70%, 仅有积液症状), IB 期(3%~11%), IC 期(8%~13%), ⅡA期 (8%~25%), ⅡB 期(3%~5%), Ⅲ期(3%~9%) ,Ⅳ期 (1%~2%)[37]。可见BIA-ALCL患者分期不一,虽大多数为早期病例,但也有晚期病例存在,并可能导致死亡,故仍需加强警惕。

7  治疗

NCCN在2017年发布了BIA-ALCL的治疗指南,并在2019年进行了更新。需要注意的是,治疗应该建立在确诊BIA-ALCL之上,不推荐进行预防性假体取出治疗[38]。具体的治疗方案如下。

7.1 外科治疗:完整的外科手术切除是BIA-ALCL治疗的最主要方法,切除范围包括置入物、置入物周围包膜、肿块、积液,以及其他可能有肿瘤累及的部位,特别是淋巴结[36]。有2%~4%的患者存在对侧的病变,故外科医生应考虑是否切除对侧假体及包膜[39]。切除后仍可以进行乳房重建,但推荐使用自体组织或光面假体进行重建[40]。

7.2 放射治疗:放射治疗适用于局部残留病灶、切缘阳性或无法切除的肿瘤。推荐照射剂量为24~36 Gray[41]。

7.3 化学药物治疗:目前还未有BIA-ALCL的规范化疗方案,主要参考其他常见ALCL的化疗方案。CHOP是治疗ALCL的经典方案,可用于BIA-ALCL化疗,包括环磷酰胺(C)+多柔比星(H)+长春新碱(O)+强的松(P)[42]。NCCN指南推荐蒽环类药物为主的化疗方案,可联合维布妥昔单抗。

7.4 靶向治疗:CD30受体阳性几乎见于所有BIA-ALCL细胞,故可使用本妥昔单抗靶向治疗,目前被认为是BIA-ALCL的一线治疗药物[43]。靶向治疗常联合化疗,从而提升治疗效果。JAK-STAT突变也常见于BIA-ALCL[24],故JAK-STAT通路抑制剂也可用于治疗,但尚需实验进一步研究。

8  预后

BIA-ALCL的性质常表现为惰性,但也有晚期严重病例存在,早期诊断、早期治疗能够改善患者预后。肿块形成、包膜外病变常提示预后不佳[23]。外科治疗应完整切除病变部位,这对于减少复发、提高患者生存率有极大益处。手术后定期复查是必不可少的,推荐患者每3~6个月复查胸腹部、盆腔CT,术后两年内每6个月复查一次PET/CT。Clemens等在一项87例的研究中发现患者3年生存率为94%,5年生存率为91%,与I期患者相比,Ⅱ期患者复发率增加2.6倍,Ⅲ期患者增加2.7倍。并且他还发现:接受了完整外科切除手术的患者,其总生存率和无病生存率明显高于部分手术切除患者[40]。大多数的死亡与诊断不及时、治疗方案不到位有关,截止2020年1月5日,FDA共报道了36例死亡患者,其中16例明确了假体表面纹理,均为毛面假体[8]。

9  展望

乳房重建已成为乳腺癌综合治疗中的一个重要部分,它也朝着促进美观、减少并发症、改善患者满意度的方向发展。假体相关并发症是医生和患者都重要关注的问题,一旦发生,会极大影响乳房重建的效果。其中,乳房置入物相关间变大细胞淋巴瘤的出现,一度引起全球女性的恐慌,得到了FDA和WHO的重視。据估计,目前全球约有3 500万女性有乳房假体置入,有733例BIA-ALCL病例发生,36例患者因此死亡。需要强调的是,在及时诊断、及时治疗的情况下,BIA-ALCL大多是可以治愈的。一旦患者出现相关症状,需及时至整形外科、肿瘤科进行处理,早期预后较好。虽然,目前中国没有BIA-ALCL确诊患者,但是整形外科医生仍需加强对于此病的识别,从而改善患者预后。对于BIA-ALCL发病机制,还需要进一步研究来阐明,从而为疾病的治疗提供方向。

[参考文献]

[1]Rocco N,Catanuto G.More evidence for implant-based breast reconstruction[J].Lancet Oncol,2019,20(2):174-175.

[2]Colwell A S,Taylor E M.Recent advances in implant-based breast reconstruction[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2020,145(2):421e-432e.

[3]Fitzal F,Turner S D, Kenner L.Is breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma a hazard of breast implant surgery?[J].Open Biol,2019,9(4):190006.

[4]Brody G S,Deapen D,Taylor C R,et al.Anaplastic large cell lymphoma occurring in women with breast implants: analysis of 173 cases[J].Plast Reconstr Surg, 2015,135(3):695-705.

[5]Jewell M, Spear S L, Largent J, et al.Anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma and breast implants: a review of the literature[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2011,128(3):651-661.

[6]Talwalkar S S,Miranda R N,Valbuena J R,et al.Lymphomas involving the breast: a study of 106 cases comparing localized and disseminated neoplasms[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2008,32(9):1299-1309.

[7]Gualco G,Bacchi CE.B-cell and T-cell lymphomas of the breast: clinical-pathological features of 53 cases[J].Int J Surg Pathol, 2008,16(4):407-413.

[8]U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) FDA. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma[EB/OL].[2020-05-10]https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-updates-analysis-medical-device-reports-breast-implant-illness-and-breast-implant-associated.

[9]Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration. Breast implants and anaplastic large cell lymphoma-Update: TGA’s review of textured breast implants and preliminary outcomes[EB/OL].[2019-06-13]https://www.tga.gov.au/alert/breast-implants-and-anaplastic-large-cell lymphoma.

[10]Wong A Y L,Samartzis D,Cheung P W H,et al.How common is back pain and what biopsychosocial factors are associated with back pain in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2019,477(4):676-686.

[11]U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Allergan recalls Natrelle Biocell textured breast implants due to risk of BIA-ALCL cancer[EB/OL].[2020-02-12]https://www.fda.gov/medical devices/medical-device-recalls/allergan-recalls-natrelle-biocell-textured-breat implants-due-risk-bia-alcl-cancer.

[12]Granados R,Lumbreras E M,Delgado M,et al.Cytological diagnosis of bilateral breast implant-associated lymphoma of the ALK-Negative Anaplastic Large-Cell Type. clinical implications of peri-implant breast seroma cytological reporting[J].Diagn Cytopathol,2016,44(7):623-627.

[13]Barbé E, de Boer M, de Jong D.A practical cytological approach to the diagnosis of breast-implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma[J].Cytopathology, 2019,30(4):363-369.

[14]Ronchi A,Montella M,Argenzio V,et al.Diagnosis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma on late peri-implant breast seroma: management of cytological sample by an integrated approach[J].Cytopathology,

2018,29(3):294-299.

[15]Colomo L,Loong F,Rives S,et al.Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with plasmablastic differentiation represent a heterogeneous group of disease entities[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2004,28(6):736-747.

[16]Jaffe E S,Ashar B S,Clemens M W,et al.Best practices guideline for the pathologic diagnosis of breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma[J]. J Clin Oncol,2020,38(10):1102-1111.

[17]Turton P,El-Sharkawi D,Lyburn I,et al.UK guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma  on behalf of the medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency Plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery expert advisory group[J].Br J Haematol,2021,192(3):444-458.

[18]George E V,Pharm J,Houston C,et al.Breast implant-associated ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a case report and discussion of possible pathogenesis[J].Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2013,6(8):1631-1642.

[19]Kadin M E.What cytokines can tell us about the pathogenesis of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL)[J].Aesthet Surg J, 2019,39(Suppl-1):S28-S35.

[20]Turner S D.The cellular origins of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL): implications for immunogenesis[J].Aesthet Surg J, 2019,39(Suppl-1):S21-S27.

[21]Jewell M L,Hariri S,Lantz E E,et al.In vitro evaluation of common antimicrobial solutions used for breast implant soaking and breast pocket irrigation - Part 1: efficacy against planktonic bacteria[J].Aesthet Surg J,2021,41(11):1242-1251.

[22]Hu H, Jacombs A,Vickery K,et al.Chronic biofilm infection in breast implants is associated with an increased T-cell lymphocytic infiltrate: implications for breast implant-associated lymphoma[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2015,135(2):319-329.

[23]Deva A K,Adams W P Jr,Vickery K.The role of bacterial biofilms in device-associated infection[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2013,132(5):1319-1328.

[24]Blombery P, Thompson E R, Jones K,et al.Whole exome sequencing reveals activating JAK1 and STAT3 mutations in breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma anaplastic large cell lymphoma[J].Haematologica, 2016,101(9):e387-e390.

[25]Di Napoli A,Jain P,Duranti E,et al.Targeted next generation sequencing of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma reveals mutations in JAK/STAT signalling pathway genes,TP53 and DNMT3A[J].Br J Haematol,2018,180(5):741-744.

[26]Los-de Vries G T,de Boer M,van Dijk E,et al. Chromosome 20 loss is characteristic of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma[J].Blood, 2020,136(25):2927-2932.

[27]Letter H,Rop B,Edison M N,et al.Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: A case report and literature review[J].Cureus,2016,8(3):e546.

[28]Santanelli di Pompeo F,Laporta R,Sorotos M,et al.Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: proposal for a monitoring protocol[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2015,136(2):144e-151e.

[29]Tardío J C,Granados R.Axillary lymphadenopathy: an outstanding presentation for breast implant-associated ALK-Negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma[J].Int J Surg Pathol,2015,23(5):424-428.

[30]Carty M J,Pribaz J J,Antin J H,et al.A patient death attributable to implant-related primary anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the breast[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2011,128(3):112e-118e.

[31]Taylor K O,Webster H R,Prince H M.Anaplastic large cell lymphoma and breast implants: five Australian cases[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2012,129(4):610e-617e.

[32]Magnusson M,Beath K,Cooter R,et al.The epidemiology of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma in Australia and New Zealand confirms the highest risk for grade 4 surface breast implants[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2019,143(5):1285-1292.

[33]Adrada B E,Miranda R N,Rauch G M,et al.Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: sensitivity, specificity, and findings of imaging studies in 44 patients[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,2014,147(1):1-14.

[34]Bengtson B,Brody G S,Brown M H,et al.Managing late periprosthetic fluid collections (seroma) in patients with breast implants: a consensus panel recommendation and review of the literature[J].Plast Reconstr Surg, 2011,128(1):1-7.

[35]Tardío J C,Granados R. Axillary lymphadenopathy: an outstanding presentation for breast implant-associated alk-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma[J].Int J Surg Pathol,2015,23(5):424-428.

[36]Horwitz S M,Zelenetz A D,Gordon L I,et al.NCCN guidelines insights: Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas, Version 3.2016[J].J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2016,14(9):1067-1079.

[37]Clemens M W,Medeiros L J,Butler C E,et al.Complete surgical excision is essential for the management of patients with breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma[J].J Clin Oncol,2016,34(2):160-168.

[38]Campanale A,Spagnoli A,Lispi L,et al.The Crucial Role of Surgical Treatment in BIA-ALCL Prognosis in Early- and Advanced-Stage Patients[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2020,146(5):530e-538e.

[39]Collins M S,Miranda R N,Medeiros L J,et al.Characteristics and treatment of advanced breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2019,143(3S):41S-50S.

[40]Clemens M W,Jacobsen E D,Horwitz S M.2019 NCCN consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL)[J].Aesthet Surg J,2019,39(Suppl-1):S3-S13.

[41]Chacko A,Lloyd T.Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a pictorial review[J].Insights Imaging,2018,9(5):683-686.

[42]Ramos-Gallardo G,Cuenca-Pardo J,Rodríguez-Olivares E,et al.Breast implant and anaplastic large cell lymphoma Meta-analysis[J].J Invest Surg,2017,30(1):56-65.

[43]Alderuccio J P,Desai A,Yepes M M,et al.Frontline brentuximab vedotin in breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma[J].Clin Case Rep, 2018,6(4):634-637.

[收稿日期]2021-04-12

本文引用格式:謝嘉桁,史京萍.乳房置入物相关间变大细胞淋巴瘤的研究进展[J].中国美容医学,2022,31(6):186-189.

猜你喜欢
淋巴瘤并发症
Efficacy and safety of Revlimid combined with Rituximab in the treatment of follicular lymphoma: A meta-analysis
HIV相关淋巴瘤诊治进展
传染病信息(2022年3期)2022-07-15 08:24:12
认识儿童淋巴瘤
浅析美军战斗精神的致命并发症
人间(2016年27期)2016-11-11 17:32:04
VSD护理新进展探讨
人人健康(2016年21期)2016-11-05 11:32:22
肥胖的流行病学现状及相关并发症的综述
科技视界(2016年18期)2016-11-03 21:58:33
腹腔镜胆囊切除术后舒适护理模式对疼痛感的控制效果
膝关节镜联合透明质酸钠治疗老年性膝关节骨性关节炎疗效观察
可吸收螺钉治疗34例老年胫骨平台骨折并发骨质疏松的效果及其对疼痛和并发症的影响
上海医药(2016年17期)2016-10-12 01:55:41
不一致性淋巴瘤1例及病理分析