白丽湘
倒装句是高考英语的必考考点。句子谓语动词的人称和数应与句子的主语保持一致,但是当把正常语序变成倒装语序时,由于受到前置句子成分中名词或代词等成分的单复数形式的影响,一些学生常常把谓语动词的人称和数弄错。本文结合典型例句探究了倒装句中的主谓一致问题,以帮助学生避免出错。
要点1:副词(down,there,out,here,up等),时间副词(next,now,then等),地点介词(home,anywhere,there,abroad等)被放于句首时。
例1: Around the boy——sitting somestrangers, which made him afraid.
解析:were。正确解答本题需要首先找到句子的主语,可先写出句子的正常语序:Some strangers weresitting around the boy, which made the boy afraid.由此可知,本句的主语是some strangers,空格处应填were。有些考生由于受句中the boy的影响而写出了错误答案was。
请比较下面两个例句:
例2: There sit three adults and one disabled person.(谓语的人称和数遵循意义一致的原则)
例 3: There are three adults and one disabled per-son in her home.(谓语的人称和数遵循就近一致原则)
要点2:表语或表示地点的状语置于句首时。
例4: Between the two mountains stands a large arse-nal.
例5: On the windowsill seems to be crawling aswarm of bees.
要点3: no sooner_than, hardly_when,not only_but also在引导两个分句时,若no sooner,hardly,not only等置于句子的最前面时,第一个句子应用部分倒装结构,第二个句子使用陈述句语序,第一个和第二个分句的谓语的人称和数与各自所在分句的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
例 6: No sooner had the thief heard a shout than heretracted his hand.
例 7: Hardly had they left our office when it beganto hail.
注意:当not only_but also_连接两个并列的主语时,谓语的人称和数适用就近一致原则;引导两个分句的时候,不同分句的谓语的人称和数与各自的主语的人称和数保持一致,遵循意义一致的原则。试着比较下面的两个句子:
例8: Not only his sisters but also he is happy.(連接两个并列的主语,适用于就近一致原则)
例9: Not only are his sisters sad,but he is also sad.(引导两个分句,适用于意义一致原则)
要点4: at no time,never,barely,not,in no case,sel-dom,little,by no means,hardly等表示半否定或者全否定的词或者词组放于句首,该句使用部分倒装结构时。
例10: Never does his uncle talk with him.
例 11: No longer does Jack like eating the apple.
总之,在做与倒装句相关的试题时,教师要引导学生注意区分清楚句子的主语和谓语成分,以便能够确定出谓语动词的人称和数。