刘淼 王凤鸽 张斌 陈雁丽 翟瑞霞 满冬梅
[摘要] 間充质干细胞是一种来源于中胚层且分布广泛的多能干细胞,具有强大的自我更新能力和分化功能,可多方向分化并分泌多种细胞因子,在治疗神经内分泌的相关疾病中已崭露头角。间充质干细胞可诱导外周免疫耐受并向炎症微环境迁移,产生抗炎细胞因子,抑制促炎细胞因子的释放,提高损伤细胞的存活率。妇产科疾病多为多因素疾病,发病率高,同时大部分疾病的发病机制尚未明确,针对其病理生理学改变尚无有效处理措施,临床上也缺少有效的治疗方案。间充质干细胞利用强大的自我更新和分化能力,可以修复或替代病变组织。其缓解异常免疫反应的免疫调节能力、产生生长因子的旁分泌或自分泌的功能以及分化为靶细胞的能力最为适合组织再生,并且不表达显著的组织相容性复合体和免疫刺激分子,因此无法被免疫监测检测到,也不会导致移植后的排斥反应,正是因为这些特性,间充质干细胞已经用于多种系统性疾病的治疗研究中,也为妇产科疾病的治疗提供可行的方案。本文系统阐述了间充质干细胞和妇产科常见疾病之间的联系,探讨间充质干细胞在妇产科疾病中的治疗潜能,以期为妇产科疾病的治疗及相关研究提供帮助。
[关键词] 间充质干细胞;妇产科;卵巢早衰;卵巢癌;子痫前期
[中图分类号] R459.9;R318.5;R587.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2022)09-0188-05
Research progress of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of common diseases in obstetrics and gynecology
LIU Miao1 WANG Fengge2 ZHANG Bin3 CHEN Yanli2 ZHAI Ruixia2 MAN Dongmei1,2
1.Clinical Medical College of Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, China;2.Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, China;3.Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, China
[Abstract] Mesenchymal stem cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from mesoderm and widely distributed. They have strong self-renewal ability and differentiation function. They can differentiate in multiple directions and secrete a variety of cytokines. They have emerged in the treatment of related diseases of neuroendocrine. Mesenchymal stem cells can induce peripheral immune tolerance and migrate to the inflammatory microenvironment, produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improve the survival rate of injured cells. Obstetrics and gynecology diseases are mostly multifactorial diseases with a high incidence. At the same time, the pathogenesis of most diseases is not yet clear. There were no effective treatment measures for their pathophysiological changes, and effective clinical treatment programs are lacking. Mesenchymal stem cells use their powerful self-renewal and differentiation capabilities to repair or replace diseased tissues. Their immune regulation ability to alleviate abnormal immune response, the paracrine or autocrine function of producing growth factors, and the ability to differentiate into target cells are most suitable for tissue regeneration. They do not express significant histocompatibility complexes and immunostimulatory molecules. So they cannot be detected by immune monitoring and will not cause rejection after transplantation. Because of these characteristics, mesenchymal stem cells have been used to treat various systemic diseases, and they also provide a feasible treatment regimen for obstetrics and gynecology diseases. This article systematically reviews the relationship between mesenchymal stem cells and common diseases in obstetrics and gynecology, and explores the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in obstetrics and gynecology diseases, in order to provide help for the treatment of obstetrics and gynecology diseases and related research.BD5C55B5-F770-4437-9148-03130C634C1F
[Key words] Mesenchymal stem cells; Obstetrics and gynecology; Premature ovarian failure; Ovarian cancer; Preeclampsia
妇产科疾病病种繁多,发病率也在逐年增高,严重危及广大妇女生命健康,甚至危害母婴生命。目前临床使用的一些常规药物,治疗效果并不乐观。间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)作为一种多能干细胞,具有分化为中胚层细胞(脂肪细胞、骨细胞和软骨细胞)、外胚层细胞(神经细胞)和内胚层细胞 (肝细胞)等多种细胞的潜能[1]。这种来源广泛、成本低、提取方便、不牵涉伦理问题、强大修复再生能力、分化组织类型多样、免疫原性低、无致瘤活性等优点引起广大研究者的兴趣[2],已成为当下讨论的热点,并有多种动物实验支持MSCs在妇产科疾病中的运用。因此,本文旨在探讨MSCs在妇产科常见疾病的潜在治疗作用,现报道如下。
1 间充质干细胞
MSCs是一种广泛分布于多种组织的多能干细胞,可以从羊水、脂肪、经血、骨髓、脐带、脐血等获取。MSCs的归巢能力促使其迁移到损伤部位,利用分化调节等方式修复组织,同时可以分泌有助于组织再生的趋化因子、细胞因子和生长因子[3]。MSCs具有分化为内胚层、中胚层和外胚层的潜能,并有研究表明,MSCs可以在体外和体内分化为多种细胞类型,通过大量植入、分化为生物学与功能相关的特定组织细胞类型。MSCs的分离来源多样,表达多种表面标志物和细胞因子的轮廓,尚无标准化的MSCs的分离培养方法[4],但其特异性的鉴定标志是CD73 (分化簇73)、CD105、CD9[5]。經过大量的动物实验已证实,MSCs在动物体内无异常增生或肿瘤发生,移植的MSCs在体内可以忽略增殖,在后期逐渐出现凋亡[6-7]。
2间充质干细胞与妇产科常见疾病
2.1卵巢早衰
卵巢早衰是女性的常见疾病之一,其特征为雌激素低、促性腺激素高、闭经,这些将会增加女性不孕、绝经前综合征、心血管疾病和骨质疏松等风险。MSCs因其容易获取、免疫性低而运用于卵巢早衰的研究中[8-9]。已有学者使用不同来源的间充质干细胞治疗不同卵巢早衰模型的大鼠。Li等[10]选择自然衰老的大鼠作为实验对象,向治疗组大鼠注射人脐血间充质干细胞后,治疗组大鼠的雌激素上升,促卵泡刺激素下降,卵巢结构发生改变,卵泡的质量变高。有学者选择化疗诱导法构建的小鼠卵巢早衰模型进行研究,发现人骨髓间充质干细胞治疗后模型小鼠的体重、卵巢重量、卵泡数量明显增长,小鼠怀孕次数增加,卵泡刺激素水平降低。同时与雌激素有关的肝脏和子宫重量均有所增加[11]。由此认为,间充质干细胞对恢复卵巢衰竭,增加卵巢激素的分泌,恢复卵泡的生成有一定的帮助。同时Liu等[12]将经血来源的间充质干细胞移植到小鼠体内,发现小鼠卵巢分泌的性激素和增殖标志物 Ki67水平增高,卵巢重量、血浆中E2水平以及正常卵泡的数量均有所增加。虽然大部分研究表明,MSCs对卵巢早衰有一定的治疗作用,但其具体作用机制尚未明确。
2.2卵巢癌
卵巢癌是一种严重威胁女性身体健康的恶性肿瘤,发病率居于妇科恶性肿瘤首位,约占22.9%。由于其发病隐匿、早期诊断困难、易转移、预后差,所以病死率也居于妇科肿瘤首位[10-11,13]。肿瘤细胞可以分泌多种细胞因子,与间充质干细胞表面特异性受体结合,使间充质干细胞具有趋瘤和迁移特性,这种特殊的趋向性会使间充质干细胞聚集在肿瘤细胞周围,抑制肿瘤生长[14]。同时脐带间充质干细胞在体外也能诱导卵巢癌细胞靶向归巢,抑制其增殖,促进其凋亡[15]。现也有研究表明,MSCs可抑制某些信号通路减少卵巢癌对化疗药物的耐药性[16-17]。Gauthaman等[18]将间充质干细胞的裂解物放入卵巢癌细胞中,发现实验组的凋亡比率较对照组明显增加。卢晓莉等[19]向卵巢癌皮下移植瘤裸鼠模型中注射人脐带间充质干细胞,发现人脐带间充质干细胞的浓度越高,小鼠皮下种植瘤的体积越小,且CD34+和VEGF也会随之降低。
但Castells等[20]研究发现,肿瘤相关间充质干细胞可通过巨噬细胞增多诱导卵巢癌化疗耐药,以保护卵巢癌细胞免受卡铂诱导的凋亡。虽然不同类型间充质干细胞在治疗卵巢肿瘤上存在分歧,但总体来说其对治疗卵巢恶性肿瘤确实有一定效果。
2.3 Asherman综合征
随着剖宫产和子宫内膜手术的增多,AS综合征(Asherman syndrome,AS)已经成为困扰女性不孕的一个重要问题[21]。AS是由于子宫内膜损伤造成宫腔或宫颈部分或完全粘连,导致女性月经减少或闭经、生育力下降、流产和胎盘异常的发生[13, 19]。
间质充干细胞可以分泌多种具有组织修复的趋化因子,如:IGF-1、TGF-β1、VEGF等[22],在AS的治疗研究中具有很大的潜力[21]。Liu等[23]用电凝法制作大鼠子宫损伤模型,发现骨髓间充质干细胞外泌体以透明质酸为载体在宫腔内长时间停留,治疗组的大鼠子宫内膜增厚,腺体增多,妊娠率也有所提高。有研究发现,向AS大鼠体内移植球状排列的人子宫内膜间充质干细胞,会促进血管生成因子和抗炎细胞因子的分泌,改善大鼠妊娠结局并增加产仔数[24]。大部分研究均提示骨髓间充质干细胞有可能重建功能性子宫内膜,以满足生理目的,从而允许胚胎植入以供进一步发育。
2.4多囊卵巢综合征
多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)是育龄女性常见的一种生殖和内分泌疾病,发病率约为10%,主要以高雄激素血症和排卵功能障碍为特征,是导致女性月经不调和不孕的常见原因[25]。PCOS常会增加胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症、2型糖尿病、肥胖、高脂血症和心血管疾病的风险[26]。有研究发现,通过脱氢表雄酮构建PCOS模型,注射人骨髓间充质干细胞后,能显著减少大鼠囊性卵泡的数量,增加成熟卵泡和黄体的数量,恢复正常的发情周期[27]。从PCOS大鼠身上获取卵母细胞,随机分组处理,加入骨髓间充质干细胞后,处理组体外成熟卵母细胞的胞质成熟率和核成熟率显著高于对照组,体外成熟卵母细胞的受精率、双细胞率和囊胚形成率均显著高于对照组[28]。同时Kalhori等[29]采用皮下注射睾酮的方法构建PCOS大鼠模型,利用骨髓间充质干细胞处理后发现,处理组小鼠的卵巢总体积、皮质体积、腔卵泡数、卵母细胞体积和透明带厚度均显著高于PCOS组,并且初级卵泡数和腔前卵泡数目显著低于PCOS组。这些研究均表明间充质干细胞在治疗PCOS方面有一定效果,并存在巨大潜能。BD5C55B5-F770-4437-9148-03130C634C1F
2.5子癇前期
子痫前期作为一种常见的妊娠期疾病,具有高发病率与高病死率的特点,其发病率为4%~5%[30],占围产期死亡率的10%~15%。关于子痫前期病因和发病机制尚无明确结论,目前的主要学说为子宫螺旋小动脉重铸不足、炎症介质过度激活、血管内皮受损。间充质干细胞可能通过调节滋养层细胞的侵袭能力、抑制炎症细胞过度表达、促进组织修复等途径改善子痫前期的临床症状。Choi等[31]研究表明,间充质干细胞可通过改变人类白细胞抗原-G的表达调节滋养层细胞的侵袭能力,同时抑制T细胞增殖,增加调节性T细胞的数量。而从蜕膜中分离出来的间充质干细胞可以通过抑制TNF-α改善Th1诱导小鼠的PE样症状,降低血压和蛋白尿,抑制肾小球肾炎,保护胎儿-胎盘发育。有研究表明,向先兆子痫模型的大鼠中静脉输注MSCs,其可以通过调节滋养层细胞的侵袭改善子宫螺旋动脉重构障碍和宫内生长迟缓。以上这些研究表明间充质干细胞有望成为治疗子痫前期的重要方式。
2.6妊娠糖尿病
随着肥胖症和2型糖尿病的增多,妊娠糖尿病也变得越来越常见[33]。妊娠糖尿病是指妊娠中晚期的葡萄糖不耐受,其将发展成为不同程度的高血糖。妊娠糖尿病会增加母婴严重妊娠并发症的风险,包括剖宫产、肩难产、巨大儿和新生儿低血糖,并且既往患过妊娠糖尿病的孕妇生育后患2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的风险会增加[34]。临床上大多通过注射胰岛素及控制饮食等对症治疗。人脐带间充质干细胞作为多功能干细胞为广大学者提供了一个新思路,有学者用链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)诱导妊娠糖尿病大鼠作为模型,发现向其移植人脐带间充质干细胞及人脐骨髓间充质干细胞均能缓解血糖升高、体重下降的症状,并且可以提高子代的体重和存活率[35]。杨作峰[36]用高糖高脂加低剂量STZ腹腔注射的方法构建妊娠糖尿病大鼠模型,注射胎盘来源的间充质干细胞后,血糖水平得到改善,病理结果显示受损的胰岛细胞也得到修复。目前还没有彻底治愈妊娠糖尿病的方法,间充质干细胞作为一项新的研究,不仅能够恢复器官的功能,还能减少药物带来的不良反应。
近几年对间充质干细胞的研究也呈井喷式的暴发。妇产科疾病发病因素多样,发病机制复杂。目前已有研究表明,间充质干细胞在眼科疾病、肾脏疾病、阿尔茨海默症、炎症肠病、神经性疼痛、肝脏疾病、心脏疾病、创伤愈合等方面均有一定的治疗效果。并且美国FDA已经批准了69项间充质干细胞的临床研究,将逐步应用于各种疾病的治疗中。间质充干细胞在治疗妇产科疾病方面已经初具成效,虽然间质充干细胞在卵巢早衰、卵巢肿瘤、Asherman综合征、多囊卵巢综合征、子痫前期及妊娠糖尿病等疾病的治疗中均有一定的效果,但其具体的作用机制及临床应用的转化方面还需要进一步阐明。虽然MSCs有一些优势,但仍有许多挑战需要克服。间充质干细胞独特的免疫调节特性对其功能至关重要,但其免疫调节机制尚未阐明。而且许多的因素影响MSCs的治疗潜力,如诱导因素、氧浓度和机械刺激。但相信利用目前动物实验和体外细胞实验所奠定理论基础,间充质干细胞将成为妇产科疾病的治疗中重要部分。
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(收稿日期:2021-07-16)BD5C55B5-F770-4437-9148-03130C634C1F