雄激素性脱发的非手术疗法新进展

2022-02-15 01:04:53柴小伟黄欣
上海医药 2022年2期
关键词:机制

柴小伟 黄欣

摘 要 雄激素性脱发是一种常见的慢性进行性脱发疾病。治疗雄激素性脱发的目的在于减少头发脱落,促进头发生长,但目前治疗方法比较有限,常用的非手术疗法包括药物治疗、注射治疗、激光治疗和中医中药等。本文概述了目前非手术疗法治疗雄激素性脱发的研究进展,为雄激素性脱发的治疗提供参考。

关键词 雄激素性脱发;非手术疗法;机制

中图分类号:R758.71 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2022)02-0003-04

基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(82073452,81772161);上海市科委自然基金项目(17ZR1426300);2020年度上海市综合医院中西医结合专项(ZHYYZXYJHZX-202002);上海市同济医院临床研究培育重点项目(ITJ(ZD)1903);上海杰出青年医学人才培养资助计划[沪卫计人事(2018)16号]。

New progress in non-surgical treatment of androgenic alopecia

CHAI Xiaowei, HUANG Xin

(Department of Dermatology of Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China)

ABSTRACT Androgenetic alopecia(AGA) is a common chronic progressive hair loss disorder. The purpose of treating AGA is to reduce hair loss and promote hair growth, but currently, treatment methods are relatively limited, and the common non-surgical treatment methods include drug therapy, injection therapy, laser therapy, traditional Chinese medicine, etc. This article summarizes the research progress of non-surgical therapy in the treatment of AGA, which provides a reference for the treatment of AGA.

KEY WORDS androgenetic alopecia; non-surgical treatment; mechanism

雄激素性脱发(androgenetic alopecia,AGA)是一种以毛囊小型化为特征的慢性進行性脱发疾病[1]。男女性均可患病,Wang等[2]通过多中心调查研究发现中国男性患病率约为21.3%,女性患病率约为6.0%。该病起始于青春期,且发病率随着年龄的增长而增加。中国AGA患者70.6%为21~30岁,其中72.8%有家族遗传史[3]。过度吸烟、饮酒、肥胖、压力过大等均会加剧AGA患者脱发[4]。

AGA影响患者外貌,会降低患者生活质量,是诱发抑郁和焦虑等心理疾病的高危因素[5]。虽然AGA很普遍,但治疗措施却有限。目前,只有口服非那雄胺和局部外用米诺地尔以及低能量激光治疗(low-level laser light therapy,LLLT)是美国食品和药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准用于治疗AGA的方法[6]。毛发移植的局限性在于它是侵入性的医疗手段且价格相对昂贵,不适合脱发的早期阶段。本文主要综述目前可供选择的非手术治疗AGA的方法。

1.1 米诺地尔

米诺地尔是唯一被FDA批准用于治疗AGA的局部药物。20世纪70年代,米诺地尔首次作为口服药物用于治疗严重顽固性高血压,但患者服用之后出现全身性多毛症,因此成为一种治疗脱发的药物。目前米诺地尔治疗AGA的浓度分别为2%和5%,其中局部外用5%米诺地尔是治疗男性AGA的一线用药,而女性常用2%米诺地尔[7]。米诺地尔是一种前体药物,由毛囊外根鞘中表达的硫基转移酶将其转化为活性形式硫酸米诺地尔,促进毛发生长。因此该酶的活性可以预测患者对局部米诺地尔的反应,具有93%的敏感性和83%的特异性[8]。米诺地尔促进毛发生长可能是通过钾通道开放介导的,钾通道开放导致皮肤血流量增加,毛乳头中血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)含量升高;同时钾通道活性对于细胞进入细胞周期的G1阶段至关重要,因此它可能在早期的细胞增殖中发挥着关键作用[9-10]。米诺地尔还可通过诱导β-catenin活性刺激毛囊增殖和分化,使其迅速进入生长期,同时可延长毛乳头细胞(dermal papilla cell,DPC)的生长期[10]。

米诺地尔除了外用外,小剂量口服治疗AGA也具有较好的疗效和安全性。据Randolph和Tosti[11]报道口服米诺地尔治疗AGA的最佳剂量为女性0.25~1.25 mg/d,而男性则需要2.5~5 mg/d。其中0.25 mg米诺地尔和25 mg螺内酯联合应用治疗女性AGA可能更佳,因为小剂量口服米诺地尔不仅降低了不良反应,而且螺内酯也有助于降低米诺地尔造成的液体滞留。小剂量口服米诺地尔系统性不良反应较少,包括多毛症、液体滞留、心动过速等[12]。

1.2 5α-还原酶抑制剂

5α-还原酶(5α-reductase,5α-RS)有多种同工酶,包括Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型,通过调节雄激素、糖皮质激素和其他甾体激素的细胞代谢,在人体生理中发挥重要作用。其中Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型5α-RS能将睾酮转换成双氢睾酮(dihydrotestosterone,DHT),转换率分别为20%和 80%[13]。

非那雄胺和度他雄胺是较常见的两种5α-还原酶抑制剂(5α-reductase inhibitors,5α-RIs)。其中非那雄胺属于Ⅱ型5α-RIs,是男性AGA的一线治疗药物,而度他雄胺是Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型5α-RIs。据Yoshitake等[14]报道口服1 mg/d非那雄胺治疗脱发的有效率为99.4%,而年龄和病情严重程度是其疗效的关键预测因素。非那雄胺对顶部头发数量的影响最大,额部次之,双颞部最小。有研究表明,口服非那雄胺可以改善AGA患者的生活质量,但不能减轻患者的焦虑[15]。与非那雄胺相比,度他雄胺治疗男性AGA的疗效更好。它对Ⅱ型5α-RS的抑制作用是非那雄胺的100倍,0.5 mg/d度他雄胺可使血清DHT水平降低90%以上,而5 mg/d非那雄胺只能降低70%左右,但两者不良反应发生率却无明显差异,因此早在2009年韩国和日本就已批准口服0.5 mg度他雄胺用于治疗AGA[13,16-17]。

非那雄胺应至少持续使用6个月,才能评估其疗效[18]。而最近研究发现DHT在肝脏、胰腺以及眼的生理功能中起着重要作用,长期口服5α-RIs会引起非酒精性脂肪肝、2型糖尿病以及干眼病等副作用[19]。为了降低系统性副作用的发生率,外用非那雄胺也成为治疗AGA可供选择的治疗方案。根据相关文献中现有的剂型,0.25%非那雄胺溶液可能是有效且耐受性良好的给药浓度[20]。外用0.25%非那雄胺溶液和口服1 mg非那雄胺之后,患者头皮DHT和血浆DHT下降水平均无显著差异,分别较基线水平下降50%和68%~75%[20]。Suchonwanit等[21]通过随机双盲对照研究指出0.25%非那雄胺与3%米诺地尔混合外用溶液对男性AGA的生发作用明显优于单用3%米诺地尔溶液,且耐受性良好。

1.3 富血小板血浆

最近,富血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)在皮肤科的应用逐渐增多,例如用于治疗痤疮、脱发、黄褐斑等。PRP治疗脱发具有使用效率较高、副作用较小、复发率较低的特点,能使毛发数量和密度显著增加[22]。它是从自体外周血中采集的浓缩血小板,其浓度为正常血小板浓度的4~6倍[23]。PRP富含生长因子和细胞因子等数百种生物活性分子,其中许多生长因子参与了毛发生长过程中的细胞增殖和分化。然而最近有研究表明PRP促进毛发的生长与血小板含量、血小板源性生长因子、表皮生长因子和VEGF的浓度无关[24]。注射PRP能够改善女性AGA患者的头发密度和直径,虽会出现一些不良反应如头痛、红肿和注射后出血等,但仍不失为一种安全有效的方法[25]。PRP通过增加DPC外信号调节激酶的磷酸化及蛋白激酶B的表达,同时也增加DPC的β-catenin活性和成纤维细胞生长因子-7表达,从而刺激DPC增殖,抑制其凋亡,提高毛囊细胞存活率,延长毛发生长期,刺激毛发生长[26]。

A型肉毒素(botulinum toxin type A,BTX)注射是全球最常见的美容术之一,可用于减少皱纹、多汗等。最近研究发现小剂量BTX(30 U、50 U和100 U)肌内注射治疗AGA是安全有效、无明显副作用的,且头皮屑、瘙痒、油腻症状均会明显减轻[27-29]。与非那雄胺相比,BTX能更有效地增加患者额部和颞部的毛发密度[27]。AGA患者脱发周围的肌肉使头皮紧绷,从而减少血液供应。而BTX能抑制神经递质释放,导致靶肌肉松弛麻痹,降低头皮血管的压力,增加血流量和氧含量。在高浓度氧含量中,会有更多睾酮转化为雌二醇,油脂分泌和脱发减少[29]。Shon等[28]通过体外实验证明BTX能够抑制DPC分泌,可以抑制毛囊角质形成细胞生长和毛发周期变化的转化生长因子-α1 (transforming growth factor-α1,TGF-α1),同时体内实验也验证了BTX在96 h内会下调TGF-α1的表达。因此皮内注射BTX可能通过增加头皮血氧含量和抑制DPC的TGF-α1分泌而有效治疗AGA。

目前发现许多激光对治疗AGA具有一定疗效,如LLLT、CO2点阵激光、1 550 nm点阵激光[30-32]。其中LLLT是一种波长为600~1 000 nm的激光,可用于调节免疫和减轻炎症,由于不是通过温度的升高来发挥其治疗作用,被称为“冷激光疗法”[33]。LLLT在皮肤科常被用于嫩肤、治疗寻常痤疮等,也是治疗男性和女性AGA的一种安全有效的替代方法,可单独使用,也可与米诺地尔或非那雄胺联合使用[30,34]。增加LLLT的能量注量、照射时间以及降低治疗频率对治疗AGA的疗效较好,其中波长655 nm的红光对刺激头发生长比较有效[35-37]。激光治疗的原理是光生物调节作用,但其确切的作用机制尚不清。有研究表明男性AGA经过LLLT治疗后,DPC中参与如细胞转录调控、蛋白质生物合成、细胞外基质(extracellular Matrix,ECM)形成等生物过程的蛋白质表达发生改变,其中ECM蛋白增多使AGA患者DPC体积增大,头发直径变粗[38]。

4.1 锯棕榈提取物

鋸棕榈提取物(Serenoa repens)是从棕榈树浆果中提取的富含脂肪酸(85%~90%)的物质,其中脂肪酸中的月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸和油酸会抑制5α-RS的活性[39-40]。这种用于治疗脱发的植物提取物在德国和法国非常流行,并且在没有任何增强剂的情况下也是有效的[41]。男性AGA患者每天口服320 mg锯棕榈提取物可以促进头发生长,同时外用也可增加AGA患者发量[39,42]。

4.2 南瓜籽油

南瓜籽含油量大,富含各种营养物质,如脂肪酸、维生素E和植物甾醇。小鼠模型实验发现南瓜籽油(pumpkin seed oil,PSO)可以逆转睾酮降低生长期毛囊百分率的作用[43]。临床试验也证实男性AGA患者每天口服400 mg PSO可促进毛发生长,且未见明显副作用[44]。同时,外用PSO也能使女性AGA患者的毛干多样性显著降低,直立再生毛显著增加[45]。PSO含有的植物甾醇是一种5α-RIs,可阻止睾酮转化为活性DHT,从而促进毛发生长,其他成分如植物雌激素和维生素E也可能参与这种作用[46]。

其他植物提取物如咖啡因、迷迭香和油橄欖对改善AGA患者的脱发症状也具有一定作用。

口服非那雄胺、外用米诺地尔以及LLLT是目前FDA批准治疗AGA的非手术疗法,但由于不同的患者对治疗有着不同的反应,治疗效果有差异,因此本文对于AGA的非手术疗法及其作用疗效、可能机制等新进展进行了阐述。在AGA的非手术疗法中,仍有许多潜在的新疗法如微针、干细胞疗法、Wnt/β-catenin通路激活剂、JAK–STAT通路抑制剂等。然而由于尚缺乏足够的临床试验证据,未能形成统一的治疗方案,如治疗剂量、治疗频率、治疗持续时间等,同时由于AGA的发病机制仍未完全明确,因此对于AGA的治疗不仅面临着巨大的挑战也具有广阔的发展前景。

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