刘佳鑫 陈锐 任利玲
[关键词]上呼吸道阻塞;口颌系统;颅颌面部发育;儿童
[中图分类号]R782.2 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2021)11-0173-03
Research Progress on the Effect of Upper Respiratory Tract Obstruction on the Shape and Function of Oral and Maxillary System in Children
LIU Jia-xin, CHEN Rui, REN Li-ling
(Stomatology School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China)
Abstract: Craniofacial complex growth is mainly determined by genetic and environmental factors, especially the abnormal function of oral cavity and its surrounding organs is mainly acquired from environmental factors. In recent years, with the increasing number of children with upper respiratory tract obstruction, the change of craniofacial and oral function caused by the obstruction has become an issue of increasing concern to orthodontists and parents of children. In order to provide some reference for the clinical work of orthodontic department and otolaryngology department, this paper reviewed the effect of upper respiratory tract obstruction on cranial and maxillofacial appearance and the function of oral and maxillary system in children.
Key words: upper respiratory tract obstruction; oral and maxillofacial system; craniofacial development; child
临床上,通常将鼻、咽、喉所构成的腔统称为上呼吸道,其在解剖位置上与口颌系统相毗邻,在功能上相互影响。上呼吸道阻塞是指由多种原因导致的上气道气流受阻,按其机制可分为上气道形态的异常、上气道开放肌功能异常、呼吸驱动和调控障碍以及觉醒阈异常[1]。腺样体肥大和扁桃体肥大是上气道阻塞的第二大常见病因,会引起睡眠障碍、打鼾、呼吸短促和口呼吸等症状[2-4],这些症状均会影响儿童的生长发育,并进而对儿童的口颌系统功能产生损害。现综述儿童上呼吸道阻塞对生长发育以及形态功能的影响,并且分析当下的临床现状及问题。
1 儿童上呼吸道阻塞對颅颌面部生长发育的影响
大多数学者认为腺样体和扁桃体肥大等上呼吸道阻塞会影响儿童颅颌面部的发育,赵瑞等[5]通过病例调查研究发现,上呼吸道阻塞患儿错牙合畸形的发生率均高于普通人群。周顺泉[6]及Nunes等[7]将腺样体和扁桃体肥大的患儿进行区分,他们发现腺样体肥大患儿主要表现为骨性Ⅱ类错牙合畸形,而扁桃体肥大患儿则表现为骨性Ⅲ类错牙合畸形。Diouf等[8-9]研究发现上呼吸道阻塞程度越严重、病程越长的患者,其错牙合畸形表现越严重,四度肥大的扁桃体甚至会引发严重反牙合和偏牙合。腺样体和扁桃体肥大之所以会引起不同的错牙合畸形主要是由于因腺样体肥大诱发的张口呼吸,阻碍患儿硬腭向下发育、闭唇肌功能降低、进而导致下颌骨向后旋转,形成所谓的“腺样体面容”,临床表现为凸面型、下颌骨偏短且顺时针生长、下颌后退、腭穹窿高拱、牙列不齐、上切牙唇倾、唇厚、上唇上翘、开唇露齿、面部缺乏表情;而发生扁桃体肥大时,患儿会前伸下颌和舌体以便于保持呼吸通畅,从而引起发育中的上颌骨缺少气流刺激,下颌骨被迫伸长,最终出现以“上颌骨发育不足,上颌牙弓狭窄及牙列拥挤,下颌过度发育”为特征的“月牙形面容”[10-11]。
一系列临床研究发现[12-16],腺样体和扁桃体肥大将导致患儿的生长激素分泌受损,引起下颌骨生长不足[13],当这些患儿进行腺样体或扁桃体切除术后,其呼吸状况明显改善,并且生长激素分泌水平也接近正常,下颌骨生长速度加快,生长方向改变[14-15]。随后,王晓玲等[17]通过构建大鼠模型的实验,进一步证实了长期的口呼吸阻碍了髁突间充质干细胞的软骨分化,从而抑制了下颌的生长。
但是,也有部分学者认为上呼吸道阻塞与儿童颅颌面部骨骼发育之间是否相关并不肯定。Valera FC等[3]对76名3~6岁上呼吸道阻塞患儿进行研究发现,较正常对照组,气道阻塞患儿面部的肌肉、姿势及颌面功能均出现变化:患儿的唇肌与颊肌出现张力减退,舌体的位置较低,习惯性张嘴呼吸,并且吞咽功能和咀嚼功能受到影响。Valera FC的研究虽然发现上呼吸道阻塞和患儿的肌肉、功能关系密切,但未观测到患儿的骨骼系统出现明显的变化[18]。Feres等[19]对100名年龄4~14周岁的儿童进行颅颌面部参数的测量分析发现,上呼吸道阻塞与非阻塞患儿所有测量数据没有差异,表明颅颌面部形态与上呼吸道阻塞无关。Claudino LV等[20]学者在上呼吸道尺寸与青少年骨骼变量之间也未观察到相关性。他们认为儿童在生长发育阶段均会经历气道狭窄这一阶段,没有上呼吸道阻塞的患者也会表现出相似的面容特征,故不能推测上呼吸道阻塞会对儿童颅颌面部生长发育产生影响。
2 儿童上呼吸道阻塞对口颌系统功能的影响
口颌系统是口腔颌面部各种组织结构,如:牙齿、颞下颌关节、咀嚼肌及神经的总称,是一个相互制约又相互协调的功能整体,研究发现,儿童上呼吸道阻塞不仅会影响颅面生长发育,还会影响整个口颌系统的功能,如:下颌运动、咀嚼功能和言语功能等[21-26]。上呼吸道阻塞所形成的严重错牙合畸形会导致患者颌位不稳定及牙合力不均匀,长时间会造成咀嚼肌功能紊乱以及颞下颌关节疾患[21,27],影响下颌运动,进而加重错牙合畸形,形成一个恶性循环;同时,上呼吸道阻塞还会影响患者的咀嚼功能,使其咀嚼效率下降,一方面,这与上呼吸道阻塞所导致的咀嚼肌力的下降有着十分密切的联系[3,22], 另一方面,当患儿出现长期上呼吸道阻塞时,舌骨的位置会出现变化,同时舌体的位置和下颌的运动方式会受到影响,从而影响患者的咀嚼效率,以及在言语过程中的发声[3,13]。Grippaudo C等[24-26,28]利用ROMA指数对3 017名上气道阻塞的患儿进行横断面研究,发现其与牙列开牙合、反牙合等牙列的错牙合畸型有着密切的联系,这种牙列的错牙合畸型会导致患儿的发音功能受到影响。
3 治疗现状及展望
耳鼻喉科医生和正畸科医生均认同腺样体和扁桃体肥大对机体造成影响,但在治疗标准上却还未统一。目前,很多耳鼻喉科医师认为对于中度肥大的腺样体患儿应尽量保守治疗,后期治疗效果不佳再采用手术摘除[29-30]。在具体的临床工作中,往往会询问患者中耳炎的发病率、上呼吸道感染率等,进一步评估是否有摘除腺样体的必要。口腔正畸专科医生经过大量的临床跟踪研究发现,腺样体肥大和发育期颅面部异常有明显相关性,若患儿在发育早期即出现呼吸模式改变,继而引发颜面部的异常改变,通常会给患儿尽早行腺样体治疗的建议。但由于诊断及后续的治疗均在耳鼻喉科,往往耳鼻喉专科医生又倾向于采取保守性治疗,鉴于两科医生认知不一致,耽误治疗,有可能会加重患儿的颅面部发育畸型。故在今后的临床工作及研究中,探索出统一的、科学及多元化的肥大腺样体治疗标准,是十分重要的。
对于病程较长的患儿,口呼吸的现象往往无法随着手术的完成而根除,故仅仅行腺样体切除术并不能及时阻断颅面部发育异常的影响因素。颞下颌关节及周围的肌肉群已经适应了这种口呼吸的病理现象,并且已进行骨改建和肌肉的改变,故在手术完成后,临床医生需要对患儿口呼吸的习惯进行矫治[31-33],因此,术后的多学科联合治疗是十分必要的。口呼吸习惯的纠正需要正畸医师的干预,主要的方法有,使用口腔前庭盾、闭口呼吸训练、唇肌功能训练等[34-35]。具体采用哪一种矫治方法,需要根据患者不同的临床表征和患者的配合程度来采取相应的手段,达到纠正口呼吸习惯的目的。除此之外,医师除了需要明确不同治疗方法的适应证,还需要加强对于患者认知的引导以及提升患者对于治疗的参与性,保持良好的医患沟通[36]。
综上所述,因腺样体和扁桃体肥大导致的上气道阻塞是否影响颅颌面部骨骼发育尽管仍然存在争议,但早期发现,早期治疗将有利于改善患者的口颌系统功能,从而为患儿构建良好的面部生长环境提供可能。
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[收稿日期]2021-01-06
本文引用格式:劉佳鑫,陈锐,任利玲.儿童上呼吸道阻塞对颅颌面部骨骼发育及口颌系统功能影响的研究进展[J].中国美容医学,2021,30(11):173-175.