Abstract

KeystoChina’sRuralRevitalizationandInspirationfromtheSpecialCaseinZhejiangProvince

HUANGZuhui，FULinlin

AbstractAs General Secretary Xi Jinping highlighted the importance of the rural revitalization,China will continue to promote rural infrastructure investments,make a sustained effort to equalize urban and rural basic public services,and strengthen inclusive programs that help improve livelihoods and provide social welfare assistance.This paper puts forward three keys to China’s rural revitalization after an elaboration of its connotation and characteristics,and the keys are government leadership complemented by market forces,effective supply balanced with effective management and prevention of “mass demolition and mass construction” and inefficient allocation.The paper also sheds light on how the “One Thousand Demonstration Villages and Rectification of Ten Thousand Villages” project in Zhejiang province may inspire rural revitalization nationwide.Specifically,a “four-in-one” governance system for inhabitation in rural areas is proposed,namely,hierarchical governance featured with “unity of party and government”,targeted governance with “digital intelligence”,soft governance with “mass mobilization”,and market governance with “incentive compatibility”.As a result,full play is given to different systems in stimulating and constraining actors in optimizing the supply,management,and protection of public goods in rural communities.

Keywordsrural revitalization; “One Thousand Demonstration Villages and Rectification of Ten Thousand Villages” project; public goods in rural community; rural governance; social system

RethinkingAgriculturalandRuralDevelopmentundertheNewPatternofDomesticCirculation

YUXiaohua，HUANGYingying，WANGHanjie

AbstractThe law of economic development shows that there are three different stages of agricultural policy according to its major objectives:the food security stage,the stage of relative poverty of farmers’ income and urban-rural integration,and the stage of high-quality agricultural development..Chinese central government proposed a new concept of “Double Economic Circulations” for future economic growth,consisting of a domestic circulation which is the main body and an external circulation.Although the share of agriculture in GDP is declining,the importance of agriculture and rural area is not in an attenuation.According to the three-stage theory,we should rethink agriculture from three different dimensions.First,from the traditional perspective,food security is still the prior goal.We should adopt new technologies,such as precision agriculture,to increase the productivity and competitiveness of agriculture.Second,from the perspective of macroeconomic development and rural-urban relationship,the large income gap between urban and rural residents and the disintegrated factor markets between urban and rural areas are the two major threats to forming a smooth domestic circulation.It is necessary to steadily increase the income level of farmers through multiple channels to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas.This can further unlock farmers’ consumption needs and prevent rural areas from being a “dead water zone” in the domestic circulation.We also must accelerate the implement of the rural revitalization strategy to break the institutional barriers to flowing of talents,labor,land,and capital between urban and rural areas.Realizing an integrated factors market in urban and rural areas can achieve urban and rural integration.Third,from the perspective of food supply chain and high-quality growth,we should pay attention to the multifunctionality of agriculture,including nutrition and health,ecological and environmental protection,social development,cultural heritage and so on.They are vital to promote high-quality economic development and realize the bi-direction flow of urban and rural residents,which plays an important role in the formation of the smooth domestic circulation.

Keywordsdomestic circulation; rural domestic demand; rural-urban factor market disintegration; three-stage theory of agricultural policy

ResearchontheOrganicConnectionBetweenPovertyAlleviationandRuralRevitalizationUndertheNewDevelopmentPatternofDualCycle

ZHENGRuiqiang，GUORuliang

AbstractTo realize the organic connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization,the strategic essentials about optimization of element combination and regional high-quality development should be accurately grasped,which is based on spatial reconstruction of new development pattern of dual cycle.From three aspects of sublimating cognition of the law of poverty reduction,shifting embedded behavior to development consciousness,optimizing resource allocation and playing continuous effects,this paper clarified the inner logic of the effective connection between poverty alleviation and Rural Revitalization and sorted out the opportunities and challenges of the new development pattern of dual cycle for the organic connection of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization.Thus,efforts should be made in overall development planning,institutional policy completing and perfecting,industrial transformation and upgrading,relative poverty governance,creation of a global ecological livable environment,high-quality construction of a new era civilization practice center,modernization of rural governance system and governance capabilities promoted in concert,urban-rural integration development and other fields,so as to achieve a positive interaction between the organic connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization and the construction of new development pattern of dual cycle.

Keywordsrural revitalization; poverty alleviation; effective connection; new development pattern of dual cycle; optimization of element combination

TheImpactofNutrition-informationInterventiononFarmers’AdoptionofBiofortifiedNewVarieties

ZENGJing,QINGPing,LIJian,GUOZhe

AbstractBiofortification is an emerging intervention to alleviate hidden hunger in China.How to increase farmers’ adoption of biofortified agricultural products is a real problem of biofortification in a context of information asymmetry.Based on experimental method to investigate the influence of nutrition information intervention on farmers’ willingness to adopt biofortified agricultural products,our research takes the example of iron-rich rice and discuss the moderating effect of value appeals,source of nutrition-information and the scale of farmer operations.The result reveals:1) in the context of information asymmetry,the nutrition-information intervention has a significant positive effect on farmers’ willingness to adopt biofortified agricultural products; 2) the relationship between nutrition-information intervention and farmers’ willingness to adopt is moderated by the farmers’ value appeals.No matter which value appeals farmers hold,nutrition-information intervention can improve their willingness to adopt,and the nutrition-information intervention has a more significant effect on nutrition-oriented farmers’ willingness to adopt; 3) the relationship between nutrition-information intervention and farmers’ willingness to adopt is moderated by the scale of farmer.Compared with small-scale and large-scale farmers,nutrition-information intervention has a more significant effect on medium-scale farmers’ willingness to adopt iron-rich rice; 4) the relationship between nutrition-information intervention and farmers’ willingness to adopt is moderated by the source of nutrition-information.Compared with the information from seed companies,nutrition-information intervention has a more significant effect on farmers’ willingness to adopt when the information comes from government agencies,interpersonal communication and media.Therefore,it is suggested to enforce nutrition information intervention and pay attention to the moderating effect of farmers’ value appeals,source of nutrition-information and the scale of farmer operations on the impact of nutrition information intervention on farmers’ willingness to adopt.

Keywordsnutrition-information intervention; biofortification; willingness to adopt; hidden hunger

ResearchontheInfluenceofEnvironmentalLiteracyonConsumers’GreenConsumptionBehavior

WANGJianhua,TOULulu

AbstractBased on 839 field survey data from Jiangsu Province and Anhui Province and the theory of environmental literacy and the theory of action stage,this paper divides the behavioral intention into two stages:goal intention and execution intention,and analyzes the impact of environmental literacy on consumers’ green consumption behavior by using structural equation model.The empirical results show that the four dimensions of environmental literacy,namely,environmental values,environmental responsibility,environmental problem perception and environmental behavior skills,all have an indirect impact on green consumption behavior through green consumption intention,which conforms to the influence mechanism of action stage theory.Among them,environmental values have a significant positive impact on green consumption behavior through green consumption execution intention; environmental responsibility and environmental behavior skills have a positive impact on green consumption behavior through green consumption goal intention and green consumption execution intention,and green consumption goal intention has a significant impact on green consumption execution intention; environmental problem perception has a positive impact on green consumption behavior; the impact of environmental awareness on green consumption behavior follows the path of “environmental awareness-green consumption goal intention-green consumption execution intention-green consumption behavior”,and has a significant negative impact on green consumption behavior.For this reason,this paper puts forward corresponding policy recommendations from the aspects of government,enterprises and consumers so as to further promote green consumption behavior.

Keywordsenvironmental literacy; green consumption objective intention; green consumption executive intention; green consumption behavior

BlockingMechanismandAttributesSelectionofConsumers’SearchingGradingInformationofAgriculturalProducts

NIEWenjing,BOHuimin,LITaiping

AbstractThe significant initiative of boosting high-quality agricultural development is the quality grading system for agricultural products.However,it fails to transmit quality signal in the process of consumers’ searching information.Using micro survey and choice experiment,double hurdle model and random parameter logit with error component model,this paper reveals the blocking mechanism for consumers making decisions using grading information of agricultural products from the perspective of information searching,and discusses the optimization path for the biased selection of grading attributes selection.The results show that consumers’ lack of knowledge about grading system,weak preference for grading attributes,and insufficient trust in the quality of grading agricultural products are the major factors that hinder consumers from using grading information of agricultural products and are also the reasons for the ineffective implementation of the grading system in consumer market.The adjustment of grading information transmission,the improvement of grading attributes selection,the modification of grading supervision pattern,and regarding consumer preferences as a fundamental basis for grading attributes selection are the appropriate pathways to effectively implement quality grading system for agricultural products,establish market order of high quality at good prices and promote high-quality agricultural development.

Keywordsquality grading system for agricultural products；information searching；blocking mechanism；attributes selection

DotheInfluencingFactorsofPorkPriceChangeOverTime——The Analysis and Forecasting Based on Dynamic Model Averaging

XIONGTao

AbstractIn recent years,the extraordinary fluctuations of pork price in China exert adverse effects on people’s livelihood and the development of related industries.Thus,exploring the influencing factors of pork price and obtaining the accurate forecasts of the pork price are of great practical significance.In view of the time-varying characteristics of pork price’s influencing factors,this paper puts forward an influencing factors analysis and pork price forecasting framework based on dynamic model averaging theory.By examining eleven influencing factors derived from the supply of pork,demand of pork,economic environment of China,and international markets,this paper investigates the time-varying characteristics of influencing factors,and then constructs the pork price forecasting model by introducing the dynamic model averaging.Furthermore,we compare the ability of the proposed model with benchmarks used to forecast the pork price by accuracy measures and Diebold-Mariano test.The empirical results indicate that the influencing factors of pork price exhibit significant time-varying characteristics,with significant differences between factors.Since 2009,the decision mechanism and influencing factors of pork price have become more complicated and diverse.Moreover,the pork price forecasting model based on dynamic model averaging achieves more accurate forecasts than benchmarks.Government need to take full account of the impact of supply,demand,China’s economic environment and international trade on pork prices when formulating pig market regulation and control policies,and can use accurate pork price forecast information to enhance their initiative,foresight and scientificity.

Keywordspork price; influencing factors; time-varying; dynamic model averaging; forecasting

AnalysisoftheImpactofSino-USATradeFrictiononCitrusTrade——Based on WITS-SMART Model

LIXiangyang,SUNDongsheng

AbstractThe citrus is the largest fruit crop both in China and USA,and citrus trade is an important part of Sino-USA agricultural product trade which has been significantly affected by the Sino-USA trade friction.The WITS-SMART model was used to simulate the impact on US-China citrus trade under two scenarios:US-China trade friction and citrus trade liberalization.The research finds that:(1) from the perspective of consumption,the impact on China consumer surplus and tariff income is obvious but controllable in the trade friction,but from the perspective of industry,the competitiveness of USA citrus in the China market has been severely frustrated,and exports have been significantly adversely affected; (2) from the perspective of the citrus industry,Sino-USA trade cooperation or even trade liberalization is the better choice for the USA and the scale of USA citrus exports to China increased by nearly 100 million dollars in the scenario of trade liberalization compared with in the scenario of trade frictions; (3) when substitution elasticity changes,the total citrus imports and consumer surplus indicators of the importing country remain unchanged,while the citrus imports from different markets and the corresponding tariff revenues change.It’s proposed to reduce trade frictions and promote trade liberalization which is mutually beneficial to the development of the citrus industry in China and USA.At the meantime,we should accelerate the cultivation of new citrus business entities and promote the commercialization and standardization of citrus in China to enhance export competitiveness.

Keywordstrade friction; trade liberalization; WITS-SMART model; trade creation; trade diversion

TheEffectofFreeFarmlandTransferonGrainProductionEfficiency:WelfareorBurden?

WEIJiashuo,GAOMing,SONGHongyuan

AbstractBased on the theoretical analysis of the impact of free farmland transfer on grain production efficiency,this paper empirically tests the effect and influence mechanism by using Inverse Probability Weights (IPW) method.The main findings are as follows:Unlike the paid farmland transfer,the free farmland transfer is a non-market behavior based on the ethical relationship of family and community.After solving the sample selection bias,free farmland transfer fails to improve grain production efficiency.The reason is that the absence of transfer rents makes it easier to weaken the signal function of factor price and the willingness of farmers to improve production,which in turn prevents them from making the same improvement in long-term agricultural investment and avoiding land fragmentation as the farmers who are paid to transfer their farmland.This negative effect is more prominent with the group of farmers whose household heads are younger or better educated,who have more agricultural subsidies or lower marketization level,and whose scale of transferred farmland is small or the duration is unclear.In the long run,with the continuous development of rural collective economy and new agricultural business entities,the free farmland transfer may continue to decrease.But at the same time,based on respecting and affirming the actual choice and value of free farmland transfer,all localities should identify and plan the specific direction of large-scale operation according to the specific situation of various regions.

Keywordsfree farmland transfer; grain production efficiency; IPW method; land fragmentation; long-term agriculture investment

PeerEffectsintheDiffusionofInnovation:ACaseStudyontheAdoptionofaNewCropVariety

XIONGHang,XIAOLiping

AbstractPeer effects based on social network relations are prevalent in the diffusion of innovations.Based on a clear definition of peer effects,this paper presents a theoretical framework to study peer effects in the diffusion of innovations.Peer effects are split into information effect,experience effect and externality effect.This framework is applied to the case of the 10-year diffusion of a high-value crop in a rural community and the impact of the three effects on the diffusion of the high-value crop are analyzed in detail.The analyses indicate that the three effects dominate the diffusion process in its early,intermediate and late phases respectively and occur through different social networks.Information effect can motivate a very small number of individuals with a high willingness to innovate but is not able to provoke the majority to adopt innovation.Experience effect is relatively stronger and often facilitates the formation of a “critical mass”.Externality effect pushes the lagged to follow the suit.According to the theoretical framework and findings from the case study,suggestions for improving agricultural extensions and farmers’ adoption of agricultural technologies are made.

Keywordspeer effects; diffusion of innovation; new crop variety; social networks

ResearchontheImpactofIndustrialAgglomerationonChina’sAgriculturalNetCarbonEffect

TIANYun,YINMinhao

AbstractThis article first scientifically measures the current status of the agricultural net carbon effects in various regions and uses the nuclear density estimation method to explore its dynamic evolution characteristics.Then,spatial measurement methods are used to analyze the impact of industrial agglomeration on the agricultural net carbon effects,and its spatial spillover effect is discussed.The research results show that:1)In 2018,there were significant differences and even serious polarization in the net carbon effect of agriculture in various provinces in China.Compared with 2000,the net carbon effect of agriculture in various regions has been balanced,and the overall gradient difference has gradually tended to converge.The number of high-value provinces has increased greatly,and the number of low-value provinces has slightly decreased.2)There is a spatial autocorrelation between industrial agglomeration and the net carbon effect of agriculture,and there is a “positive N” relationship between the two,that is,as the degree of agglomeration of agricultural industries continues to increase,the net carbon effect of agriculture generally shows a characteristic of three-stage change of “first increase,then decrease,then increase”.Specifically,with every 1 percentage point increase in industrial agglomeration in a region there was an increase in the amount of agricultural net carbon effect by 1.621%; in addition,variables such as agricultural public investment,agricultural industrial structure，the level of regional economic development and so on also showed a certain positive effect,though it was obviously weak.3)The agglomeration of agricultural industry has a significant spillover effect on the net carbon effect of agriculture,which is manifested as inter-regional spillover and intra-regional spillover.Specifically,with every 1 percentage point increase in industrial agglomeration there was an increase the agricultural net carbon effect of neighboring areas by 2.286%.The net carbon effect of local agriculture will increase by 0.060% due to feedback.Finally,based on the research conclusions,countermeasures are proposed.

Keywordsindustrial agglomeration; agricultural carbon emission; nuclear density estimation; spatial Dubin model; spillover effect

RegionalDisparityandTechnical-economicInfluenceofRapeseedYieldbyBeekeeper’sPollination

LENGBofeng,LIGucheng,FENGZhongchao

AbstractThis paper measures the bee pollination externality effect on factor output elasticity and contribution rate of oilseed rape yield and analyzes the regional disparity between plain and mountainous area of this effect,using a trans-log production function model and 2890 observations from 1069 rapeseed farmers.The unbalanced panel data was collected from 15 provinces (regions) by China Agriculture Research System(Rapeseed) farmer fixed observation point from 2016 to 2019.The result showed that:1) Beekeeper’s pollination had a positive significant effect on the annual rapeseed yields,whose output elasticity was 0.136 at the mean value.It was second only to the land(0.861),higher than that of labor(-0.009),fertilizer(0.043) and other production inputs(0.076),contributing 2.885% of the growth of rapeseed yields during the period.2) The contribution rate of each factor to the increase of the annual yield of rape farmers varied greatly,in descending order of land,other production inputs,fertilizer,beekeeper’s pollination and labor.3) The effect of Beekeeper’s pollination on the annual rapeseed yields varied greatly from region to region,with a higher output elasticity and contribution rate in plain county.It is suggested the government increase the subsidies for beekeepers,strengthen the publicity of the knowledge of beekeeper’s pollination,promote the cooperation between planting industry and beekeeping industry in the future.

Keywordsrapeseed； beekeeper pollination； output elasticity； contribution rate

ResearchonDynamicMeasurementandPoverty-causingFactorsofMultidimensional-interventionalPovertyofRuralReservoirResettlers

ZHAOXu,CHENYinlan

AbstractInterventional poverty of rural reservoir migrants is induced by the impact of external engineering forces.The special secondary poverty is different from the primary poverty.It is difficult to measure accurately from the static income and expenditure dimension.This paper combines the improved A-F multidimensional poverty measurement method with the changes of migrants’ poverty status before and after relocation,and tries to construct a “multidimensional-dynamic” interventional poverty measurement system.Based on the monitoring data of rural migrants’ livelihood in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,this paper studies the multidimensional poverty index and poverty-causing mechanism of migrants based on five non-income dimensions under the framework of physical assets and human capital,dynamic poverty types such as persistent type,impact type and temporary poverty-alleviation type.The results show that the reservoir migrants have got rid of high dimensional poverty,but fallen into low dimensional poverty; construction projects have not caused serious impact poverty,but neither has hydro-power development effectively alleviated persistent poverty; the poverty dimensions of migrants before and after relocation have changed significantly,and the influence of different poverty-causing factors on dynamic poverty varies.Accordingly,suggestions were made to improve the poverty identification and withdrawal mechanism for involuntary migrants,distinguish between different dimensions of poverty,and provide accurate solutions,innovate the resettlement model of reservoirs,and organically coordinate national support for resettlement,precision poverty alleviation and rural revitalization.

Keywordsinterventional poverty; multidimensional dynamic poverty measurement; reservoir rural migrants; rural revitalization

ThePracticeofLawandConstructionofRuralOrderSystem——Investigation on the Dispute of Land Fee in Hancun

HUANGZheng,HUANGJialiang

AbstractBased on the case of Hancun Village Committee suing villagers for land rent,this paper probes into the implementation of law in rural areas and the construction of rural order.The results show that there are discrepancies between legal logic and people’s perception.Farmers hold holistic view of rights while the law holds partial view of rights,which often leads to different judgment and conflicts and reduces farmers’ recognition of the effects of law.Secondly,the enforcement of law shows the characteristics of “campaign”.The compulsory law can only be effective in the village for a short time.The old order comes into operation once the law is withdrawn from the village,thus shaping the rural order system into “long-term existence of old order and intermittent dominance of law”,which influences the realistic trend and result of disputes while constructing the rural dual governance space.At present,the dilemma of village governance stems from the system of the state’s failure to ensure the effectiveness and authority of laws while using laws to transform the existing rural order.Therefore,it is necessary to establish an effective law enforcement system to ensure its thorough implementation and enable law to play its role in the farmers’ life.

Keywordsrural order system; reason; law; land rent; law of campaign

TheRightStructureandFunctionRealizationofMembershipRightUndertheBackgroundofRuralCollectivePropertyRightReform

XIAOPanqing

AbstractThe collective membership right is the compound right which consists of common benefit right and the self-benefit right.In the process of collective property rights reform,the self- benefit rights of members can be expanded and realized through the steps of liquidation,capital verification,member identification and share quantification.However,the increase of rights leads to the separation of collective members’ identity rights and their property rights,as a result,the tension between self-benefit rights and common benefit rights becomes increasingly obvious.The most salient results of the ownership right reform are growing openness of rural collective,diversity of collective membership and complexity of collective affairs management,which produced a great impact on the system of rural management.The self-benefit right is substantive right,which is the primary way to realize the economic function and the social security function of the member right.On the contrary,the common interest belongs to the procedural right whose main goal is to fulfill the obligations of the members.In order to realize the dual functions of collective membership rights of both property and identity,the reform of collective property right should realize the transformation from right to responsibility,and construct the mechanism of responsibility sharing,so as to realize the right of common interest.

Keywordscollective membership right; collective ownership; self-benefit right; responsible co-benefit

TypificationandSystemExpressionofEcologicalPropertyRightsofEco-Products

CHENBaoshan

AbstractBased on the requirement of effective protection of the property interests of eco-products(EPs) suppliers,the property rights approach to the property interests of Eps suppliers is explored separately in terms of both external and internal typification by using the concept of ecological property rights.The study concludes that Property Rights of EPs are the property rights of supplier to the supplied EPs,and are a structural extension of the property rights of natural resources as well as a supplement to the mechanisms of ecological compensation and ecological product value realization,and have a solid theoretical,institutional and practical foundation.On the basis of this external typification,it should follow the logic of evolution of rights,take the demand for EPs supply,the support of boundary division technology and the change of interest structure as the limit,expand the types of Property Rights of EPs from both single and overall aspects,clarify the rights of suppliers to use,profit from and dispose of EPs,and realize its intrinsic and substantial typological construction.At the same time,the system of registration and certification,offset and transfer of eco-products should be improved to provide key institutional guarantee for the generation and realization of ecological property rights.

Keywordseco-products; property interests; property rights; typification

AnalysisFrameworkofInstitutionalChangeandSocialConsensus——Based on the Analysis of Land Increment Revenue Distribution System

TIANShuangqing，JIANGHai，CHENLei

AbstractBy constructing a theoretical framework based on the perspective of social consensus to examine the institutional change,this paper provides a reference for promoting the deepening reform of land increment revenue distribution system and the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity.The results show that institutional change and social consensus interact and evolve dynamically,and through the negative effect on transaction costs,social consensus plays an important role in the “benefit-cost” dynamic balance of institutional change.The change of institutional environment caused by institutional change reacts on social consensus through the process of “individual cognition-group consensus-social consensus”.In addition,the revision process of the Land Management Law shows that the social consensus of China’s land increment revenue distribution system reform has gone through three evolutionary stages of “deficiency,manifestation and reinforcement”.In conclusion,the reform of the land increment revenue distribution system should gradually break through the predicament o’f the social consensus from the aspect before,during and after the event,gather the value consensus of the whole society and consolidate the ideological foundation of the system reform.It is suggested to promote the action consensus (on a pilot basis) and remove barriers to institutional reform,so as to gradually form a general institutional consensus and strengthen oversight and supervision over institutional reform to provide a favorable consensus basis for deepening the reform.

Keywordsinstitutional change；social consensus；land increment revenue distribution；national governance

TheInfluenceofLandMarketAllocationontheRural-UrbanIncomeDistributioninChina——A Perspective of Imbalance Development of Urbanization

ZHANGJianping，GEYang

AbstractFrom the perspective of distorted land market allocation,this paper explores the reasons for the unbalanced development of urbanization and the growing income gap between urban and rural areas in China.The theoretical analysis shows that the distorted system of guaranteed land market leads to the rural labor force surplus,and a large number farmers who lost land fail to get fair compensation for the loss; though the distorted land market expands the urban area,it does not effectively transfer the rural labor force into the market,resulting in the uneven development of urbanization,and the uneven distribution of value-added income between urban and rural areas after the land enters the market,which finally widens the income gap between urban and rural areas.By constructing the indicators of land market distortion,the empirical test shows that the land market distortion significantly expands the income gap between urban and rural areas,and verifies that this expansion is mainly caused by the impact mechanism of unbalanced development of urbanization.It is suggested that we should abandon the mode of “land-dependent development”,promote the new urbanization with people as the core,ensure that farmers get fair and reasonable compensation for land loss under the market mechanism,and improve the reasonable distribution mechanism of market income.

Keywordsland market distortion; urbanization；imbalance development；urban-rural income disparity