马永芹
动词不定式,由“to+动词原形”构成,无人称和数的变化,是非谓语动词的基本形式之一,也是中考的一个考查热点。对此,笔者就动词不定式的常见考点进行了梳理,以期对同学们有所帮助。
考点之一:动词不定式用作主语
当动词不定式用作主语时,句首常用it作形式主语,而真正的主语——动词不定式则后置。常见的结构为:It's +形容词+for/of sb.+ to do sth.当形容词用于表示事物性质或特征时,其后介词则用for;当形容词用于表示人的性格、品质时,其后用介词of。例如:
It's easy for them to feel at home.
他们很容易有宾至如归之感。
It's very nice of you to invite me.
你能邀请我真是太好了。
【例1】
①______is difficult______me to finish the work before Friday.
A.That;ofB.This;ofC. It;forD.Its;for
② It'skind______you______me with my English.
A. of ;to helpB. of;helping
C. for ;to helpD. for;helping
解析:上述两题均考查动词不定式作主语。①It 为形式主语, to finish the work为真正主语。根据 difficult表示事物的特征,不定式前用介词for,故正确答案为C项。②It 为形式主语,to help为真正主语,根据形容词kind表示人的品质,所以不定式前用介词of,故正确答案为A项。
考点二:动词不定式用作宾语
(1)want, wish,agree,decide,expect,help, hope,learn,offer,afford, plan 等动词,其后可接不定式作宾语。例如:
He decides to buy a new car.
他决定买一辆新车。
(2)find, think,believe等动词后接不定式作宾语时,常用 it作形式宾语,而真正的宾语——动词不定式则后移。例如:
I think it necessary to get everything ready for it.
我认为有必要做好一切准备。
(3)forget, remember, stop 等动词后既可以接不定式作宾语,又可以接动名词作宾语,在运用时要注意区别。以 forget 为例,forget to do sth.意为“忘记要做某事”,强调事还未做。例如:
Don't forget to turn off the light when you leave the room.
离开房间时,别忘记关灯。(灯未关)
forget doing sth.意为“忘记做了某事”,强调事已做。例如:
I forgot paying for this coat.
我忘了已经付过这件外套的钱了。(钱已付)
【例2】
①Though they were very tired, they didn'tstop_____a rest.
A. havingB. to haveC. hasD. have
② All of us found it difficult_____out the physics problem.
A.workB. worksC. workingB. to work
解析:上述两题均考查动词不定式作宾语的用法。①stop to do sth.表示停下来去做另一件事情,而stop doing sth.表示停止手上正在做的事情。结合题干可知,句中指的是停下来去做另外一件事,所以用动词不定式,故选B项。②此句句型结构是“find+it+形容词+动词不定式”,其中it为形式宾语,动词不定式为真正的宾语,所以选D 项。
考点之三:动作不定式用作宾语补足语
(1) tell,ask,want,order,help,allow, teach, invite,advice 等动词,其后可以接不定式用作宾语补足语,不定式符号to 千万不可省略。例如:
She asked me to go with you.
她要我陪你去。
(2)make, let, have, see, watch, hear 等使役动词或感官动词,其后也可以接不定式作宾语补足语,但不定式符号to 需要省略。值得注意的是,若为被动语态,不定式符号to不可省略。例如:
His mother made him buy some fruit yes- terday(主动);
Hewasmadetobuysomefruitbyhis mother yesterday.(被动)
昨天母亲让他去买一些水果。
【例3】①Mrs. Green told her son_____the basketball match because of the exam.
A. to not watchB. doesn'twatch
C. not watchingD. not to watch
②It was raining heavily outside. The gym teacher made the students_____in the classroom.
A. stayB. stayedC. to stayD. staying
解析:上述兩题均考查动词不定式作宾语补足语。①tell sb. not to do sth.意为“告诉某人不要做某事”,动词不定式作宾语补足语,故正确答案为D 项。②make sb. do sth.意为“使某人做某事”,make为使役动词,动词不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式符号to应去掉,故正确答案为A项。
总之,有关动词不定式的考点有很多,在平时的英语学习中,同学们要注意牢固掌握其用法,多总结归纳,这样在考场中自然就能从容不迫,游刃有余。