杜问为
一、什么是同位语从句
同位语从句在句子中做某一名词的同位语,一般位于该名词之后,说明该名词的具体内容。这些名词常见的有idea, fact, news,hope, belief, thought, doubt, promise, suggestion, order等,通常用连词that引导同位语从句,that无词义,也不充当句子成分,不能省略,从句用陈述句语序。同位语从句还可以用whether, when, where, why, how等引导。例如:
Unfortunately, Platos analogy misses an important characteristic of memory, namely it is selective. 令人遺憾的是, 柏拉图所做的类比忽视了记忆的一个重要特性, 即记忆是有选择性的。
In spite of the fact that the authors who dealt with womens issues prior to 1949 agreed in principle that reforms had to be instituted, the outlook they depicted for reform was bleak. 尽管1949年以前研究妇女问题的作者原则上同意改革势在必行, 但他们为改革描绘的前景却是暗淡的。
The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure. 他打算来的消息使我们很高兴。
The question whether there are living tings on the Mars will be discussed. 火星上是否有生物这个问题将被讨论。
二、同位语从句和定语从句的区别
同位语从句是对前面名词的进一步说明和解释,表明中心词的具体内容。而定语从句是对其先行词的限制修饰,它不涉及先行词的具体内容。例如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 要求我们派几个人去帮助其他组的指令是昨天接到的。
解析: that在从句中不充当任何成分。“派几个人去帮助别的小组”就是“命令”的具体内容,所以that引导的是一个同位语从句。
The order (that) we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的小组。
解析:that引导的定语从句修饰先行词the order。“我们昨天收到的”是用来修饰“命令”的,是昨天收到的命令,不是别的时间收到的。
同位语从句所说明的词通常只限于idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, thought, possibility等有一定内涵的名词;而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句;that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,无具体含义,并且不能省略;定语从句中that不但起连接作用,而且在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语,充当宾语时可省略。例如:
The question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。
解析:whether we need it是question的具体内容,whether引导同位语从句。
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈做了一个让所有孩子们都很开心的承诺。
解析:that引导定语从句,并且充当从句的主语,修饰先行词a promise。“让所有孩子们都很开心”是修饰“承诺”的,所以是定语从句。“承诺”的内容尚不清楚。