刘彤霞
一、理论基础
(一)最近发展区理论对教师与教学的要求
最近发展区理论是由前苏联教育家维果茨基提出来的,它对导学案的影响主要是从教师和教学两发面。
1.对教师在导学案的设计与编制上的要求
“最近发展区”理论对教学实践提供了积极的信息,它要求教师在教学设计、教学原则、教学模式等的过程中要抓好学生的“关键期”。即导学案的设计和编制中要遵循教学设计的主体性、教学原则的适度性教学模式的主动性。
在教学设计上,主要体现在教师备课上面,而备课的主要任务是首先了解学生当前所处的阶段以及他们所面临的问题,包括学生的性格特点、学习习惯、学习技能技巧以及已有的知识储备,还包括学生对接受新知识的情感态度以及乐于学习的方式方法等。
2.对导学案教学的要求
最近发展区理论认为传统的教学处于教学的最低界限,好的教学应该处于“教学最佳期”这个教学期是有最近发展区决定的,教学首先必须建立在学生的心理机能开始形成的基础之前。因为它影响儿童发展的水平、速度以及智力活动特征。
导学案的教学模式实际上就是要求教师在上课之前充分了解学生的已有的知识储备情况,并在此基础上预测可能达到的水平,为学生创建“最近发展区”。
(二)建构主义理论重视“学”与“教”
建构主義的思想来源于认知加工学说,以及维果斯基、皮亚杰和布鲁纳等人的思想。
1.重视学生主体性的发挥
2.重视学生获取知识的情境性
3.重视学习过程的自我建构
4.重视教学目标的多维性
建构主义强调教师在教学活动中,应该充当“指导者”的角色,为学生搭建“脚手架”,教师把任务逐渐移交给学生,最后撤去脚手架。导学案设计的内容还要激发起学生的求知欲。如果枯燥无味,那么所设实施“导学案”便失去了意义。同时,“导案”的设计需要注重情境、语境的设计。
Module 1 How Did They Start导学案
二、课前自学
1.课前热身
(1) Could you please brainstorm as many ball games as possible?
(2) Which of the ball games do you like watching? Why?
(3) Which one of them are you good at?
2.课前阅读
After reading ,please judge T/F
(1)For Americans, football actually means rugby.
(2)Basketball was invented by a high school principal.
(3)Alexander Cartwright is called “the father of baseball” because he invented it.
(4)Compared with others, soccer was the first to be played by people.
3.课前补充
Could you figure out whose rules the following statements are?
(1)The offense uses a bat, which is made of wood in the professional ranks.
(2)The court is divided into two main sections by the mid-court line.
(3)One of the simple rules—maximum of 15 players in a team, with up to 7 substitutes allowed.
(4)There are nine players on each side.
Long sentences analysis
(1)Naismith wanted to create a game that would provide exercise for a noisy class through the cold months.
(2) Naismith attached two baskets to two tall poles at each end of the gymnasium and gave the players a soccer ball and told them to try to throw the ball into the baskets.
三、课后巩固
Make a list of great players,past and present and explain why they are so good .