李静静 叶玉平 柯莽
[摘要] 目的 探討耳穴压豆联合营养干预治疗对晚期膀胱癌伴厌食患者血清瘦素和食欲素A水平的影响及疗效。 方法 选取2016年1月至2019年8月我院内科门诊或住院就诊的晚期膀胱癌伴厌食患者72例,采用随机数字法将患者分为联合组(n=36)和单用组(n=36)。单用组患者予以营养支持治疗,联合组患者在单用组基础上予以耳穴压豆治疗。两组患者均连用8周。比较两组患者治疗前后血清瘦素、食欲素A水平的变化,并比较其临床效果。 结果 治疗8周后,联合组患者血清瘦素水平较治疗前明显下降,血清食欲素A水平较治疗前明显上升(P<0.05),且治疗后联合组患者变化幅度高于单用组(P<0.05);联合组患者临床总有效率(94.44%)高于单用组(77.78%)(χ2=4.180,P<0.05)。 结论 耳穴压豆联合营养干预治疗用于晚期膀胱癌伴厌食患者的效果明显优于单纯的营养干预,能促进患者进食,提高食欲,其作用机制可能与其能调节血清食欲调节因子,降低血清瘦素,提高食欲素A水平密切相关。
[关键词] 晚期膀胱癌;厌食;营养干预;耳穴压豆;瘦素;食欲素A
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of the therapy of auricular point pressing with beans combined with nutritional interventions (NI) on the levels of serum leptin and orexin-A in the patients with advanced bladder cancer (ABC) complicated with anorexia. Methods A total of 72 patients with ABC complicated with anorexia admitted to the outpatient service or hospitalized in Department of Internal Medicine of our hospital from January 2016 to August 2019 were selected and divided into the combined therapy group(n=36) and the monotherapy group(n=36) through random number method. The patients of the monotherapy group were given nutritional support, while the patients of the combined therapy group were treated with auricular point pressing with beans on the basis of what was given to the monotherapy group. For both groups of patients, the respective treatment lasted 8 weeks. The changes in the levels of serum leptin and orexin-A before and after treatment in the two groups of patients were observed and compared, and the clinical effects were also compared. Results After 8 weeks of treatment, the level of serum leptin in the patients of the combined therapy group was significantly lower than that before treatment,while the level of serum orexin-A was significantly higher than that before treatment(P<0.05), and the range of changes in the patients of the combined therapy group was more obvious than that of the monotherapy group after treatment(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the total clinical effective rate in the patients of the combined therapy group(94.44%) was superior to that of the monotherapy group(77.78%)(χ2=4.180, P<0.05). Conclusion The effect of the therapy of auricular point pressing with beans combined with NI on the patients with ABC complicated with anorexia was obviously better than the monotherapy of NI. It can promote patients′ eating and increase their appetite. Its mechanism may be closely related to its ability to regulate appetite regulating factors in the serum, reduce the level of serum leptin and improve the level of orexin-A.
[Key words] Advanced bladder cancer; Anorexia; Nutritional interventions; Auricular point pressing with beans; Leptin; Orexin-A
膀胱癌是较常见的恶性肿瘤,2012年全国肿瘤登记地区膀胱癌的发病率为6.61/10万,发病率和死亡率均较高[1-2]。厌食是晚期肿瘤最常见的伴随症状,据统计发病率高达80%以上,主要表现为食欲下降或体重下降,严重时发生恶液质,缩短了患者的生存时间[3]。癌性厌食的病因及发病机制较复杂,近年来研究发现食欲素、瘦素等食欲调节因子在其发病中起着重要的作用[4-5]。营养支持是改善晚期肿瘤厌食患者营养状态,减轻厌食症状的主要手段,但长期的营养支持由于经济或患者依从性的原因,在临床上常受到限制[6]。耳穴压豆是一种中医外治方法,近年来研究发现其辅助营养支持具有减轻晚期肿瘤厌食症状,提高其营养状况的作用[7],但其对血清食欲素、瘦素等食欲调节因子的调节作用国内外鲜有报道。本研究探讨耳穴压豆联合营养干预治疗对晚期膀胱癌伴厌食患者血清瘦素和食欲素A水平的影响,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2016年1月至2019年8月我院内科门诊或住院就诊的晚期膀胱癌伴厌食患者72例。纳入标准[8]:①经临床及病理检查确诊为晚期膀胱癌;②伴有不同程度的厌食症状;③年龄18~80岁,卡氏评分≥65分,预计生存期超过>8周。排除标准[9]:①以往存在肝胆胃肠道器质性疾病或出现胃肠道出血、梗阻者;②病情危重及拒绝调查者。采用随机数字法将患者分为联合组(n=36)与单用组(n=36)。两组患者的性别、年龄、病程和卡氏评分等比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。
1.2 方法
单用组患者予以营养支持治疗,先全面评估患者的营养状况,营养目标为100~120 kJ/(kg·d),对目标热量未达标者予以饮食调整、口服营养补充、鼻饲肠内营养支持或肠外营养支持。联合组患者在单用组基础上予以耳穴压豆治疗,选耳穴为神门、胃、脾、皮质下、三角上,先利用探棒找出疼痛阳性点,按压片刻标记压痕,将事先贴粘有王不留行籽的耳贴对准压痕进行贴敷,压实贴紧,用中等力度进行揉捏、按压,使患者感觉热、麻、微疼为宜,每个穴位20~30 s,3~5次/d,两耳交替进行,2 d改为对侧耳穴,双耳交替进行。两组均连用8周。
1.3 观察指标及评价标准
比较两组治疗前后血清瘦素、食欲素A水平的变化及其临床效果。
1.3.1 血清瘦素和食欲素A水平 采集空腹肘静脉血3~5 mL,300 r/min,低温离心机分离后取血清标本,于冰箱-70℃保存。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清瘦素和食欲素A水平,试剂盒由北京冬歌生物科技有限公司提供。
1.3.2 疗效评估标准[10] 食欲分级,1级:食量正常;2级:食量略差;3级:食量为正常的1/2;4级:食量<正常的1/2;5级:几乎不能进食。根据治疗前后食欲分级变化情况评估其临床效果。有效:治疗食欲分级较前进步≥1级;稳定:治疗食欲分级较前无明显变化;无效:治疗食欲分级较前下降≥1级。总有效包括有效+稳定。
1.4 统计学处理
应用SPSS 18.0统计学软件进行数据处理。计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验;计数资料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者治疗前后血清瘦素和食欲素A水平比较
治疗前两组患者血清瘦素和食欲素A水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗8周后,联合组患者血清瘦素水平较治疗前明显下降,血清食欲素A水平明显上升,組内比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且治疗后联合组患者变化幅度高于单用组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.2 两组患者治疗后疗效比较
治疗8周后,联合组患者临床总有效率(94.44%)高于单用组(77.78%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.180,P<0.05)。见表3。
3 讨论
膀胱癌是一种临床常见的恶性肿瘤,近年来其发病率呈逐年上升且有年轻化趋势[11]。癌性厌食是晚期肿瘤患者最重要的临床特征,是指肿瘤患者进食欲望下降,引起食物摄取减少或体重丢失,临床表现为胃肠功能减弱、食欲下降、体重下降等,导致患者生活质量下降、治疗耐受性下降,影响疗效及增加死亡风险[12-14]。癌性厌食的发病机制国内外至今尚未完全阐释清楚,癌症的局部作用、肿瘤导致的食欲调节因子的变化和抗肿瘤治疗是癌性厌食发病的主要因素,其中食欲调节因子是目前研究的热点。人的摄食行为受下丘脑摄食中枢的影响,由其辐射形成的“食欲调节网络”是一个复杂精细的调节通路。在下丘脑饮食中枢,食欲调节因子研究较多的主要是食欲素,抗食欲因子主要是瘦素。食欲素是下丘脑外侧区合成和分泌的一种神经多肽,动物研究显示,食欲素具有促进食欲、增加体重及能量消耗的作用[15]。瘦素主要由白色脂肪组织合成和分泌,瘦素与受体结合后通过信号可下调神经肽Y,上调食欲因子,调节转录因子引起机体能量消耗增加、食欲降低[16]。因此,调节食欲调节因子,提高食欲是治疗癌性厌食患者的新途径。
目前认为晚期肿瘤患者的病情往往无法逆转,单纯抗肿瘤治疗患者获益不多,往往会加重病情,缩短生存期[17-18]。因此,对晚期肿瘤患者的治疗主要为改善肿瘤患者进食状态,改善营养不良的临床表现,保证肿瘤患者能量及营养素的摄取,提高机体免疫力,改善患者预后,延长生存期,但单纯的营养支持无法改变患者进食状态,改善患者的营养状况毕竟有限[19]。耳穴压豆是根据中医脏腑经络理论,用代替针的药丸、药籽、谷类等置于胶布上,贴于穴位,用手指按压以刺激耳穴,通过经络传导,达到行气止痛、宁心安神、调整机体平衡,是防治疾病的一种常用的中医外治方法。本研究选择的神门穴具有镇静安神、降逆止呕的作用,胃脾穴具有理气和胃降逆、健脾和中、止痛的作用,皮质下具有镇静止痛、止呕的作用[7,20]。
本研究显示,治疗8周后,联合组患者血清瘦素水平较治疗前明显下降,血清食欲素A水平明显上升,且治疗后联合组变化幅度较单用组更明显。提示耳穴压豆联合营养干预治疗用于晚期膀胱癌伴厌食患者可调节血清食欲因子,降低血清瘦素,提高食欲素A水平;同时研究还发现治疗8周后,联合组临床总有效率高于单用组,提示耳穴压豆联合营养干预治疗用于晚期膀胱癌伴厌食患者的效果明显优于单纯的营养干预,能促进患者进食,提高食欲。
综上所述,耳穴压豆联合营养干预治疗用于晚期膀胱癌伴厌食患者的效果明显优于单纯的营养干预,能促进患者进食,提高食欲,其作用机制可能与其能调节血清食欲调节因子,降低血清瘦素,提高食欲素A水平密切相关。但由于本研究为单中心研究,且纳入的样本量偏少及观察时间相对较短,必要时进行多中心和大样本的前瞻性临床研究,以进一步完善。
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(收稿日期:2020-07-14)