探究1：事实细节题命题解读及备考策略

闫跃

一、命题解读

事实细节题是高考英语阅读理解中分布密度最大的一种题型，它考查的对象通常是一个句子

或几个句子，要求考生对相关句子进行准确的识别和理解。这类题目难度较低，但数量众多，所以做好事实细节题是阅读理解拿高分的关键。

二、解题策略

1. 直接信息题

这类题目的答案可以从原文的某一句话中直接获取，正确选项大多含有相关句子的单词，只是比原句更加简短紧凑。

【典题链接】（2020·全国甲卷阅读B篇）

Psychologist Susan Levine， an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago， found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition（认知） after controlling for differences in parents' income， education and the amount of parent talk， Levine said.

24. In which aspect do children benefit

from puzzle play？

A. Building confidence.

B. Developing spatial skills.

C. Learning self-control.

D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.

【点石成金】B   根据found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills可知，对2到4岁的孩子而言，玩拼图游戏有助于提高他们的空间能力，B项直接体现出这句话的核心含义。

【典题链接】（2020·全国甲卷阅读D篇）

Libraries， in their own way， help fight book piracy（盗版行为） and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.

34. What does the author call on other writers to do？

A. Sponsor book fairs.

B. Write for social media.

C. Support libraries.

D. Purchase her novels.

【点石成金】C   根据I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can可知，作者认为所有作家应当支持图书馆（后面则是就如何支持提出一些建议），C项直接由这个句子简化而来，符合题意。

2. 间接信息题

这种题目介于直接细节题和推理判断题之间，有时也称作信息推断题，正确答案无法在文中直接找到。解答这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，做出简单的推导，从而体会文本的言外之意。

【典题链接】（2017·全国甲卷阅读C篇）

Around 100 people have already put down a $10，000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale， and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways. It's expected to cost $279，000.

29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways？

A. It causes traffic jams.

B. It is difficult to operate.

C. It is very expensive.

D. It burns too much fuel.

【點石成金】C   选文最后两句指出，不要指望路上出现太多的飞车，因为每辆飞车的价格预计达到279，000美元。虽然原文并未直接对这一价格进行评论，但这两个句子在逻辑上属于因果的关系，言外之意就是，价格过高正是飞车难以普及的原因。

【典题链接】（2017·全国乙卷阅读D篇）

...Unfortunately， you must carry the nece-ssary equipment with you， since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required， though， are a 5′× 5′ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic， six feet of plastic tube， and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.

32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph？

A. It's delicate.            B. It's expensive.

C. It's complex.  D. It's portable.

【点石成金】D   根据选文的最后一句可知，这种太阳能蒸馏器可以折叠起来，然后别在腰带上，由此可以看出，这个装置是“便携式的”。尽管原文内容只涉及这一特征的表现形式或实现方式，并未明说它具有这一特点，但只要经过简单推理，就不难得出“这款蒸馏器便于携带”这一结论。

3. 语意转换题

这类题目的正确答案对原文信息进行了同义替换，与原文语句在表达上存在较大差异。解答这类题目时，考生需要进行对比或整理才能找出正确答案。

【典题链接】（2020·全国乙卷阅读C篇）

Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk， which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact（接触） with the ground at all times.

28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes？

A. They must run long distances.

B. They are qualified for the marathon.

C. They have to follow special rules.

D. They are good at swinging their legs.

【点石成金】C   根据选文的最后一句可知，参加竞走项目时，运动员的支撑腿要伸直，并且要保证一只脚始终与地面接触。换句话说，竞走运动员必须遵守特定的规则。正是由于这些规则的存在，我们才说当竞走运动员是有条件限制的。the sport's rules require与have to follow special rules虽然表述不同，但均包含“竞走运动的参与者必须遵守规则”这一意义。

【典题链接】（2017·全国乙卷阅读C篇）

Some of the world's most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO （United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization） recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance， and its potential as a unifying（聯合） voice across cultures.

28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day？

A. To remember the birth of jazz.

B. To protect cultural diversity.

C. To encourage people to study music.

D. To recognize the value of jazz.

【点石成金】D   选文的最后一句提到，联合国教科文组织设立国际爵士乐日，目的是让人们认识爵士乐和它的意义，同时也让人们意识到爵士乐作为文化纽带的潜在功能。D项正是原句的目的状语to raise awareness of...的同义转换。

4. 归纳概括题

这类题目的信息点较为分散，它们要么由同一段落的多个句子来体现，要么分布在不同的段落。正确答案是用精练的语言来对这些信息点进行归纳或概括。

【典题链接】（2017·全国丙卷阅读C篇）

The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations— major food sources（来源） for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation（植被）， which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves， coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes， and completely drove away the park's beavers.

30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？

A. Damage to local ecology.

B. A decline in the park's income.

C. Preservation of vegetation.

D. An increase in the variety of animals.

【点石成金】A   选文指出，灰狼的消失造成了許多意想不到的后果。具体来讲，灰狼的主要食物——鹿和麋鹿——数量激增，这些动物吃掉了大量的植被，减少了园内植物的多样性;没有了灰狼，郊狼也迅速繁殖，它们又吃掉大部分的赤狐，还把海狸全部赶走了。这一系列信息概括起来，就是“破坏了当地的生态”。

【典题链接】（2016·全国丙卷阅读B篇）

On one of her trips to New York several years ago， Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes， another customer was approa-ching their table.

“Hey， aren't you from Mississippi？” the elegant， white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. “I'm from Mississippi too.”

Without a second thought， the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up， she also pulled up a chair.

“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi，” Welty said. “I didn't know what

my New York friends were thinking.”

5. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe？

A. Two strangers joined her.

B. Her childhood friends came in.

C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner.

D. Some people held a party there.

【点石成金】A   根据选文前三段的信息点，我们可以得出答案。第3段的the woman joined the Welty party中的the woman就是指第2段中的the stranger，也是第1段中的another customer，换句话说，这三个名词短语虽形式各异，但指代对象相同;第3段的“When her din-ner partner showed up， she also pulled up a chair.”中的her dinner partner就是前面提到的那个陌生人的聚餐搭档，因此共有两位陌生人加入了Welty的饭局中。

5. 数字计算题

这类题目要求考生根据文本中给出的有关数据，通过加减乘除得出正确结论。这类计算通常难度不大，关键是要厘清各个数字之间的逻辑关系，选准用来计算的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法。

【典题链接】（2018·全国乙卷阅读C篇）

At present， the world has about 6，800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages， often spoken by many people， while hot， wet zones have lots， often spoken by small numbers... The median number（中位数） of speakers is a mere 6，000， which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.

30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present？

A. About 6，800. B. About 3，400.

C. About 2，400. D. About 1，200.

【點石成金】B   选文的第一句提到，世界上共有大约6，800门语言，最后一句又提到，使用人数不到6，000的语言占了一半，6，800的一半即为3，400。

【典题链接】（2018·全国丙卷阅读B篇）

...The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche（雪崩） once closed the path， killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson， however， the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20，000 people who dug for gold， 4，000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.

25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson？

A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.

B. One out of five people got rich.

C. Almost everyone gave up.

D. Half of them died.

【点石成金】B   本题题干询问第一批前往道森的淘金者的情况，并未直接就数据提问，但四个选项均与数量有关。选文提到，第一批的20，000名淘金者中，有4，000人发家致富了，也就是说，发财的人数占总人数的五分之一。

三、总结

解答事实细节题时，我们要学会根据题干中的关键词，通过寻读法，迅速确定相关信息点在文中的位置，缩小阅读范围，这就是所谓的“定位法”，它是提高解题效率最重要的一步。这一步骤完成之后，我们再结合选项，对信息进行检索、综合分析，从而判断出正误，确定正确选项。