Observations of semidiurnal M 2 internal tidal parametric subharmonic instability in the northeastern South China Sea*

Qian LIU, Xiaodong SHANG , Xiaohui XIE

1 School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China

2 State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China

3 Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China

4 State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310000, China

Abstract Near-diurnal vertically-standing waves with high vertical wavenumbers k z were observed in the velocity and shear fields from a set of 75-d long ADCP moored in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) away from the “critical” latitude of 28.8°. These enhanced near-diurnal internal waves followed a fortnightly spring-neap cycle. However, they always happened during semidiurnal spring tides rather than diurnal springs although strong diurnal internal tides with the fortnightly spring-neap cycle were prevailing, suggesting that they were generated via subharmonic instability (PSI) of dominant semidiurnal M 2 internal tides. When two semidiurnal internal tidal waves with opposite vertical propagation direction intersected, both semidiurnal subharmonic and super harmonic waves were largely intensified. The observed maximum diurnal velocity amplitudes were up to 0.25 m/s. The kinetic energy and shear spectra further suggested that frequencies of daughter waves were not always perfectly equal to M 2/2. The superposition of two daughter waves with nearly equal frequencies and nearly opposite k z in a PSI-triad leaded to the vertically-standing waves.

Keyword: internal tides; South China Sea (SCS); resonant interactions; rotary spectra; parametric subharmonic instability

1 INTRODUCTION

Resonant interactions among internal waves are regarded as one of processes being responsible for energy transfer in the ocean internal wave spectrum (McComas and Bretherton, 1977). In general, they appear in the form of triads in the fluid dynamics. For ocean linear (free) internal waves with wavenumbers kiand frequencies ωi( i=1, 2, 3, etc.), the dispersion relation is:

where kHis horizontal wavenumber, N is the buoyancy frequency, and Ω is the Earth’s rotation vector. If there are three free waves in internal wave spectrum and their wavenumbers and frequencies satisfy the following resonant condition:

Energy will be systematically transferred amongst three waves (Müller et al., 1986). Parametric subharmonic instability (PSI), which transfers energy from an energetic parent wave with frequency ω and low vertical wavenumber kzto two daughter waves with frequency near ω/2 and higher kz, is one of the above nonlinear resonant interactions. Since shear instabilities induced by motions with high kzcan generate breaking internal waves that are the major source of deep-sea mixing (Munk and Wunsch, 1998), the PSI process has received considerable attention in the past 10 years.

Most of previous numerical models investigated PSI of internal tides (internal waves with tidal frequency), especially for semidiurnal M2(12.42 h period) internal tides (Hibiya et al., 2002; MacKinnon and Winters, 2005; Gerkema et al., 2006; Korobov and Lamb, 2008; Simmons, 2008). Since frequencies of ocean free internal gravity waves are greater than the local inertial frequency f=2Ωsin φ, twice the local vertical component of Ω at latitude φ, the PSI process of semidiurnal internal tides ocean only occurs at latitudes equatorward of the diurnal “critical latitude” φd(～29°), where 0.5M2= f, unless the internal wave band is broadened or the instability is no longer a resonant triad interaction (Korobov and Lamb, 2008; Xie et al., 2016). These model results also indicated that the process is most eき cient at φdbecause energy of M2is here transferred to approximately pure inertial waves (i.e., 0.5M2= f).

Open ocean observations from field experiments (Hibiya and Nagasawa, 2004; van Haren, 2005; Kunze et al., 2006; Alford et al., 2007) confirmed the occurrence of semidiurnal internal tidal PSI and suggested that the PSI process may play an important role in the cascade of low mode internal tidal energy down to small dissipation scales available for mixing. Compared with the open ocean, the South China Sea (SCS), which is located between the equator and 25°N and is one of the largest marginal seas of the Pacific, features stronger diurnal O1(25.82 h period) and K1(23.93 h period) internal tidal waves with respect to M2. As a result, PSI from diurnal internal tides is also found near the bi-diurnal critical latitude (～14°), where f is equal to half of diurnal frequency (Alford et al., 2007; Simmons, 2008; Xie et al., 2009, 2016). Since the PSI course of the semidiurnal M2internal tides is most eき cient at φd, previous observational studies for PSI of internal tides mostly focused on the area near φd. However, due to 0.5M2≈ f at φd, subharmonic motions are easily contaminated by wind-induced near-inertial waves with a broad frequency band so that their physical features are diき cult to be distinguished. Hence, the survey for internal tidal PSI away from φdis necessary.

Fig.1 Bathymetry of the South China Sea and mooring location (the asterisk)

The cruise observations of Carter and Gregg (2006) have shown a rapid energy transfer from M2to 0.5M2in close proximity to the internal tide generation region at low latitudes away from φd. In the SCS away from φd, Xie et al. (2008, 2011, 2013) indicated the occurrence of PSI of semidiurnal internal tides. However, some important physical properties of daughter waves within a PSI triad are still unclear although they have been definitely predicted in classical PSI theory. In this paper, one set of 75-d long ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profile) record collected in the northeastern SCS is used to investigate the PSI course of the semidiurnal M2internal tide away from φd. The major purpose is to make physical characteristics of daughter waves in a PSI triad become clear and suggest that PSI may be an important mechanism that cascade low-mode internal tidal energy down to small dissipation scales in the South China Sea away from φd. In addition, we also suggest a new method that can be used to identify the occurrence of internal tidal PSI.

2 DATA AND METHOD

2.1 Data

Ocean current data were collected at a mooring site (118.41°E, 20.58°N) in the South China Sea, where the water depth is 2 474 m (Fig.1). The mooring was equipped with an upward-looking WHL75-I-Z ADCP deployed at ～450 m (data from 436 to 52 m, 16-m bins) and five Aanderra current meters at depths of 800, 1 000, 1 500, 2 000, and 2 300 m. The mooring time was from August 2000 to March 2001. Unfortunately, the ADCP worked only for the first ～75 d (from August 20 to November 4, 2000) and current meters at depths of 800 and 1 000 m were broken due to some incorrect settings before deployment. Another current meter at depth of 1 500 m worked only for the first ～20 d, which was not used in this study. The samplings of the ADCP and current meters were 15 and 30 min, respectively.

2.2 Separation of signals

Using a second-order Butterworth filter, the current velocities ([ u, v]) and first-difference velocity shear ([∂ u/∂ z, ∂ v/∂ z]) at all observed depths are band-pass filtered to extract diurnal (D1) and semidiurnal (D2) components. Hereafter, we use Di( i=1, 2, 3, etc.) to represent an (over-) harmonic diurnal band if no specific harmonic frequency is indicated. The filter bounds of D1and D2are [0.9 O1, 1.1 K1] and [0.9, 1.1] M2, respectively.

Since our observation site was located in the deepsea basin near the Luzon Strait (LS) (～210 km from the LS), where strong internal tides and much weaker barotropic tides exist (Lien et al., 2005; Zu et al., 2008), the barotropic and baroclinic signals are not separated. The effects of barotropic tides are negligible.

2.3 Rotary spectral estimation

Let the east-west ( u) and north-south ( v) currents (or the first-difference velocity shears [∂ u/∂ z, ∂ v/∂ z]) observed by the ADCP in a horizontal plane be combined into one complex variable

and its Fourier series can be written as

where i2=-1, ωk=2π σk=2π k/ T ( T is the record length) is the angular frequency, and ( Uk, Vk) are the amplitudes. Since any horizontal current ellipse is a sum of clockwise (-) and anticlockwise (+) components (Gonella, 1972), the time series of the kthfrequency component becomes

where Wkand θkrepresent amplitude and phase angle, respectively. The clockwise and anticlockwise rotary component amplitudes can be calculated by:

Define total rotary amplitude spectra as:

where P-( σk) is the clockwise rotary spectrum:

and P+( σk) is the anticlockwise rotary spectrum:

The total amplitude spectrum computed from velocity (shear) is also called as the kinetic energy (shear) spectrum.

Since there are different spectral features between clockwise and anticlockwise components, they can be utilized to measure the polarization of internal gravity waves, for which Gonella (1972) introduced the “rotary coeき cient”

where CRis equal to zero and one for purely rectilinear and purely circular motions, respectively. Under linear perturbation and neglecting frictional stress, the Eq.9 becomes (Gonella, 1972; van Haren, 2003),

Within the internal wave band ( f ＜ σ ＜ N), the solution of Eq.10 describes free internal gravity waves. According to PSI theory (Eqs.1 & 2), three waves within a PSI triad should be free waves; that is, their CRvalues should be consistent with Eq.10. Thus, the rotary spectral method can provide a possibility to identify PSI.

3 OBSERVATION

3.1 Tidal currents

Figure 2 presents a time-depth map of band-pass filtering meridional velocity the D1and D2velocity amplitudes Udand Usd( U=( u, v)) (Fig.2a & b), where the signals with semidiurnal and diurnal periods are evidently visible. The largest velocity amplitudes for both tidal motions are often found in upper depth bins, indicating the strong prevalence of internal tides over the barotropic.

Fig.2 Time-depth maps of diurnal (a) and semidiurnal (b) velocity amplitude

Fig.3 Kinetic energy spectra ( v ≈3 degrees of freedom; dof) at depths of 68 m (black line), 228 m (gray line) and 388 m (dashed line)

In the meantime, the heightened Udand Usdshows a clear, fortnightly spring-neap cycle. D1and D2have strikingly different spatial and temporal structures (Fig.2a & b). In depth, D1show considerable variations relative to D2that display the dominance of relatively large-scale vertical motions. The diurnal 14-d cycle becomes vague under 200 m (Fig.2a). In time, phase of the diurnal and semidiurnal 14-cycle is nearly opposite. However, a relatively weak aggrandizement of Udduring September 3-8 below depth of 164 m occurs at the (second) semidiurnal spring tide, rather than at diurnal. The observed maximum velocity amplitude is up to 0.25 m/s.

As a result, the significant spectral peaks are observed in diurnal frequency band D1and semidiurnal frequency band D2(Fig.3). In kinetic energy spectra, the inertial peak ( f) is also outstanding, clearly distinguished from D1. In addition to these fundamental inertial and tidal frequency bands, large energy is also observed at some higher tidal harmonic bands (e.g., D3, D4, …), suggesting strong nonlinear couplings between internal tidal waves (Xie et al., 2011).

Fig.4 Shear spectra ( v ≈3 degrees of freedom; dof)) at depths of 132 m (black line) and 324 m (dashed line) (a) and the diurnal band (b) as shown by the two gray lines

The maximum harmonics in D1show obvious variation in depth. In the shallow water (i.e., 68 m), D1is dominated by O1and K1constituents with comparable spectral amplitude (Fig.3). As depth increases, energy at both O1and K1weakens but the reduction at K1is much larger than that at O1. At depth of 338 m, a non-tidal harmonic 0.5 M2becomes dominant in D1, implying that PSI of the M2internal tides may occur at the mooring site and energy is transferred from the M2internal tides to the subharmonic 0.5 M2(McComas and Bretherton, 1977). In D2, M2, and S2are dominant, and their spectral amplitude is reduced with increasing depth.

The dominant O1and K1harmonics in D1appear in the upper 200 m only, where the diurnal 14-d springneap cycle induced by their interference was clearly observed (Fig.2a). In D2, kinetic energy spectra at all depth bins show that semidiurnal tidal components M2and S2are dominant (Fig.3). Their interference creates a semidiurnal 14-d spring-neap cycle (Fig.2b). The phase of the semidiurnal 14-d cycle is almost opposite to that of diurnal tides. Below 200 m, the diurnal 14-d cycle becomes ambiguous due to weakened O1and K1. The elevated diurnal velocity amplitude Udis also observed at semidiurnal springs (Fig.2a). This may be because 0.5 M2have energy comparable to O1and K1in the lower layer (Fig.3), which further suggests that 0.5 M2may result from PSI of the semidiurnal internal tides.

3.2 Diurnal velocity shear

Figure 4a shows the first-difference shear spectrum at depths of 132 m and 324 m. The largest shear appears in D1. Although D2has strong signal in velocity, it is weak in shear, indicating that the semidiurnal energy is borne primarily by low-mode.

To identify which harmonics dominate over D1, the diurnal band is given in Fig.4b. At two depths (132 m and 324 m), the largest peak appeared at 0.5 M2. At depth of 132 m, the peaks are also found at 0.46 M2, O1, K1, and 0.54 M2, while D1is dominated by 0.5 M2at depth of 324 m (Fig.4b).

Figure 5 shows time series of diurnal and semidiurnal velocity averaged over depths above 180 m. Comparing with Ud, it is found that diurnal velocity shears show some different variations (Fig.5b). The diurnal 14-d cycle is inconspicuous in the shear field. Large Udduring diurnal spring tide does not noticeably elevate shear, suggesting the dominance of low-mode diurnal internal tidal waves (Fig.5a & b). In contrast, the enlarged diurnal shear amplitude Sd( S=( Su, Sv)) often appears at diurnal (semidiurnal) neap (spring) tide (Fig.5c). Such observation is especially evident near 324-m depth, where the heightened Sdfor the entire observation period closely follows the semidiurnal spring-neap cycle by lags of a few (1-3) d (Fig.5b). This strongly suggests that energy of diurnal waves elevating Sdduring semidiurnal springs is mainly supplied by semidiurnal tides. At depth of 132 m, where the largest peak not only appears at O1and K1but also happens at nonlinear coupling frequencies 0.46 M2, 0.54 M2and 0.5 M2, the elevated Sdis observed at both diurnal and semidiurnal spring tides. The harmonics 0.46 M2, 0.54 M2and M2may also consist of another triad. These observations suggest that energy of high-mode diurnal waves elevating Sdduring semidiurnal springs is mainly supplied by semidiurnal tides.

Fig.5 Time series of diurnal (blue) and semidiurnal (red) velocity averaged over depths above 180 m (a); time-depth map of diurnal vertical shear amplitude (b); time series of diurnal shear amplitude at depths of 132 m and 324 m (c)

Fig.6 Time-depth maps of diurnal shear in v during f ive diurnal spring tides (a) and f ive semidiurnal spring tides (b)

Figure 6 shows the time-depth maps of meridional diurnal shear during five diurnal spring tides and five semidiurnal spring tides. Since the first-difference shear removes barotropic signals and most of lowmode baroclinic signals, the depth-time maps of meridional velocity shears clearly show the diurnal internal waves with high vertical wavenumbers ( kz) during the five semidiurnal springs in the entire observational period (Fig.6b). These suggest that the enlarged diurnal shear during semidiurnal springs ismainly supplied by semidiurnal tides. Furthermore, the vertically-standing signals are clearly visible in these periods, suggesting the superposition of the upward and downward propagating subharmonics (0.5 M2). The checkerboard pattern that is often observed when PSI occurs (Carter and Gregg, 2006; Alford et al., 2007; Xie et al., 2016) can also be clearly identified at the last two semidiurnal springs. Notably the time-depth maps of diurnal shear between about 130 m and 280 m depth at the last two semidiurnal springs show clearly checkerboard pattern. On the contrast, the diurnal shear signals during diurnal springs show relatively low kzand the verticallystanding signals become ambiguous (Fig.6a). These observations further confirm that diurnal subharmonics 0.5 M2observed during semidiurnal springs are generated by PSI of the semidiurnal internal tides.

Fig.7 Clockwise (black line) and counterclockwise (gray line) rotary spectra at depth of 324 m (5 dofs) (a); C R spectra (gray line: 5 dofs; dashed line: 26 dofs) at depth of 324 m (b)

3.3 Rotary spectra

Since semidiurnal subharmonic waves can be dominant in the shear field for the entire observation record, we examine their rotary coeき cients ( CR) via rotary shear spectra. Under the WKB approximation, internal gravity wave’ polarizations are not changed by vertical shear (∂( u, v)/∂ z). Therefore, CRcomputed by rotary shear spectra can still reveal the same internal wave’ polarization with those calculated by rotary velocity spectra. Figure 7a shows shear spectra with two rotary components and CRspectra computed by them around the depth of 324 m, where D1is dominated by 0.5 M2and there is a remarkable persistent energy exchange from semidiurnal internal tides to their subharmonic waves in the entire observation period (Fig.5b). In the low-frequency internal wave band, the clockwise component dominates over the counterclockwise component (Fig.7a). As a result, the largest CRvalue was found at these frequencies whether in weakly or moderately smoothed CRspectra (Fig.7b). At 0.5 M2frequency, the observed CRvalue (=0.947) is closely equal to what is expected for a free 0.5 M2wave estimated in Eq.10 (Fig.7b).

4 CONCLUSION

We have clearly presented PSI-observations of semidiurnal M2internal tides away from the “critical” latitude for 0.5 M2(28.8°N) from a set of 75-d long ADCP data obtained at the SCS. In addition to provide several observational proofs for identifying PSI, the fast energy transfer between daughter and parent waves within two crossed internal tidal beams was revealed. The diurnal velocity and shear fields dominated by subharmonic waves can be often characterized with nearly vertically-standing signals due to the superposition of two daughters with nearly opposite (high) vertical wavenumbers and nearly equal frequencies in a PSI-triad. The semidiurnal M2internal tide within the observed triads cannot only transfer its energy to near-diurnal waves with perfectly half its frequency, but also those with approximately half its frequency. Besides, subharmonic waves had a rotary spectral property that was consistent with what was previously called “linear wave” theory and which may imply that they are subjected to an approximate linear dispersion relation σi=Ω( ki), as expected from PSI theory. Rotary spectra provide a new evidence for observations of PSI mechanism in the ocean. Furthermore, subharmonic waves occurred in burst following the semidiurnal spring tide by lags of a few (1-3) d, suggesting a fast energy transfer from semidiurnal internal tides to their daughter waves.

5 DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.