田广超 苑思彤 王登辉 崔梦杰 楚向阳 范应中
[摘要] 对我院小儿外科2021年2月收治的1例小儿肾外肾盏并先天性输尿管中远段重度狭窄患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并对国内外相关文献进行复习。本例患儿为7月龄男性婴儿,母乳喂养,孕龄26周孕检时发现右肾发育异常,无典型阳性临床表现,经术前CT尿路造影、逆行性膀胱尿道造影、肾核素扫描等检查及术中探查明确诊断,并经手术治疗后病愈出院。阅读国内外文献,偶有单纯肾外肾盏或先天性输尿管长段重度狭窄或闭锁的案例报道,均行手术治愈,但無二者合并的个例报道,二者均为罕见的泌尿系统先天发育畸形,二者合并故更加罕见,采取适宜的个体化手术方案并及时尽早行手术治疗是取得良好预后的重要保证。
[关键词] 肾外肾盏;先天性;小儿;输尿管长段重度狭窄;输尿管长段闭锁
[中图分类号] R726.9 [文献标识码] C [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)36-0154-04
Analysis on a case of pediatric extrarenal calyce with congenital severe stenosis of the middle and distal ureter and literature review
TIAN Guangchao YUAN Sitong WANG Denghui CUI Mengjie CHU Xiangyang FAN Yingzhong
Department of Pediatric Surgery,the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,China
[Abstract] To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of a child with extrarenal calyce complicated by congenital severe stenosis of the middle and distal ureter admitted to our pediatric surgery department in February 2021,and to review the relevant literatures at home and abroad. This case was a 7-month-old male infant,breastfed,with abnormal development of the right kidney detected by pregnancy test at 26 weeks of gestation without typical positive clinical manifestations. The diagnosis was confirmed by preoperative CT urography(CTU),retrograde cystourethrography,renal nuclear scanning and intraoperative exploration,and the child was discharged after surgical treatment and cured. In both the domestic and international literatures,there are occasional reports on only extrarenal calyce or congenital severe stenosis or atresia of the distal ureter,all of which were cured by surgery. However,there is no case report on the combination of the two,both of which are rare congenital and developmental malformations of the urinary system,and the combination of the two is even rarer. Therefore,the adoption of an appropriate individualized surgical plan and timely and early surgical treatment is an important guarantee of a good prognosis.
[Key words] Extrarenal calyce;Congenital;Pediatric;Severe stenosis of the distal ureter;Atresia of the distal ureter
肾外肾盏及先天性输尿管长段重度狭窄或闭锁均为泌尿系统罕见的先天发育畸形,二者发病原因均未被明确证实,多数学者认为其与肾脏胚胎发育时期及肾脏迁移时期的异常有关[1-2]。既往报道多为散发病例且均为单纯肾外肾盏或先天性输尿管长段重度狭窄或闭锁,未见二者合并的个例报道。此二类患者多在婴幼儿时期体检发现,或年龄稍大儿童或成人因腹部肿物发现。早期无典型临床症状,若不及早发现并行手术治疗,多引起患侧肾脏发育不全,进而导致肾功能减退、肾萎缩、肾性高血压等一系列病程变化。因此,小儿肾外肾盏合并或单纯先天性输尿管长段重度狭窄或闭锁的早期诊断及治疗至关重要。本研究将我科2021年2月收治的1例小儿肾外肾盏并先天性输尿管中远段重度狭窄患儿临床资料进行分析,并复习相关国内外文献,总结其临床诊疗经验,为临床医师的诊疗方案制订提供参考,现报道如下。
1 病例资料
患儿,男,7月龄,2021年2月因“孕期26周孕检发现右肾发育异常”入院,无发热、呕吐、尿频、排尿困难、血尿、血压升高等症状。2020年7月因“肛门闭锁”并“双小指并指”于本科行手术治疗,无食物药物过敏史,患儿母亲及1姐均有甲状腺功能减低病史,无与患儿类似疾病,无家族遗传病史。体格检查:血压80/52 mmHg,体重7.5 kg,腹部平坦、未触及明显腹部包块,双侧肾区叩击痛及输尿管走行区压痛因患儿年龄较小不配合操作,無法取得确切体格检查结果,肛门呈“肛门成形术”术后外观,双侧阴囊空虚,于双侧腹股沟近阴茎根部可触及睾丸样组织。行彩色多普勒超声:“右肾体积小,大小约30 mm×12 mm×18 mm,实质厚5 mm,肾门略朝向腹侧,皮髓质分界不清,右侧输尿管上段扩张约6.5 mm,左肾及左侧输尿管未见明显异常。”见图1A。进一步行术前CT尿路造影(CT urography,CTU)检查:“①右肾体积小,肾门朝前,右肾盏及肾盂扩张积水,局部肾实质变薄;②右侧输尿管未见显影,右肾灌注减低;③左肾及左侧输尿管未见明显异常。”见图1B。行逆行性膀胱尿道造影:“膀胱、尿道未见明显异常,双侧输尿管未见返流。”行肾核素扫描:“①动态功能相:右肾影小且实质放射性分布明显稀疏,15 min内持续缓慢聚集少量显像剂,未见明显排泄显像剂过程,15 min末注射利尿剂后可见少量显像剂缓慢排泄。左肾实质内放射性分布基本均匀,显像剂排泄未见明显异常;②肾图:右肾肾图近似低水平延长线型,注射利尿剂后可见缓慢下降的c段,左侧肾图正常;③肾小球滤过率(Glomerular filtration rate,GFR):左侧=89.93 mL/min,右侧=18.00 mL/min。”见图2。
据术前检查结果,患儿右肾功能重度受损并肾外肾盏积水严重,考虑该患儿右肾先天发育不全并右侧输尿管中远段或中段狭窄或闭锁可能,且左肾功能良好,可于术中探查右侧输尿管中远段以确定狭窄亦或完全闭锁长度。若为单纯中段小距离狭窄或闭锁,可行“狭窄或闭锁段输尿管切除术+输尿管端端吻合术”;如若探查见输尿管中远段均狭窄甚至完全闭锁呈纤维条索状,则可行“输尿管及发育不全肾脏切除术”。考虑到患儿家庭极其重视该男孩及家长强烈的保留右侧发育不全肾脏的意愿,亦可据术中探查所见患儿阑尾发育情况行“阑尾代右侧输尿管+右侧肾外肾盂成形术”。完善常规术前准备并与患儿家长充分沟通各种术式可能出现的近期及远期并发症(包括阑尾代输尿管可能出现的后期泌尿系感染、肾脏功能继续减退等)后,拟行“腹腔镜下右肾并输尿管探查术+双侧睾丸下降固定术”,备“腹腔镜下阑尾代输尿管成形术+右侧肾外肾盂成形术”,备“右侧输尿管成形术+右侧肾外肾盂成形术”,备“腹腔镜下右侧发育不全肾并输尿管切除术”。麻醉达成后,留置6#双腔尿管,取右侧45°斜卧位,常规消毒铺巾。经脐部正中切开长约1.0 cm,直视下置入5 mm Trocar作观察孔,建立气腹。进镜探查,见右肾区隆起明显。分别于左下腹及左上腹腹直肌外缘各置入5 mm Trocar作操作孔。右侧结肠旁沟打开腹膜,显露右肾,见右肾实质发育较小,大小约3.0 cm×1.0 cm×1.5 cm,右侧肾外肾盏扩张明显。见图3。游离肾盏、肾盂、输尿管中近段及部分远段,见输尿管近段扩张,中段偏远端部分输尿管较细。自近段扩张输尿管向远端移行处离断输尿管,并自断端稍扩张段向输尿管远端纵行裁开,距断端约1.5 cm处组织剪裁开输尿管受阻明显,于受阻处远端1.0 cm横行裁开约1/2输尿管,向远端纵行裁开仍受阻,经皮气腹针穿刺置入Fr3输尿管支架管马尾导丝自此处断端向输尿管远端探查仍受阻,考虑该侧输尿管中远段闭锁或狭窄严重。自升结肠下行探查见该患儿阑尾较短约2.5 cm且周围稍粘连,故不具备行“阑尾代输尿管成形术”的条件。将术中探查结果告知患儿家长,并再次告知如若强行保留该侧肾脏则远期该侧肾脏可能出现继续萎缩致患儿血压、内分泌改变的风险,经患儿家长同意并签字后,遂行“右侧发育不全肾并输尿管切除术”。仔细游离右侧肾门,结扎钉夹闭右肾动、静脉并离断,完全游离肾周粘连,完整切除。游离右侧输尿管远端,结扎钉夹闭并离断。冲洗术区,检查术区无活动出血,吸尽盆腔残留冲洗液。在腔镜指示下经右下腹穿刺置入预防引流管于盆腔内。经脐部Trocar孔取出标本组织。“双侧睾丸下降固定术”手术过程无特殊。
患儿手术顺利,术后给予抗感染并对症支持治疗,患儿生命体征平稳,术后4 d拔除盆腔引流管,6 d拔除尿管。术后病理:“右肾组织多发肾小球萎缩伴肾小管蛋白管型,间质中-重度慢性炎,输尿管断端未见特殊。”患儿进食、大小便可,术后7 d顺利出院。院外门诊随访3个月,患儿一般情况可,复查泌尿系彩超提示左肾代偿增大,余无特殊,生长发育如同龄儿。
2 讨论
肾外肾盏为罕见的泌尿系统先天畸形,其发生原因尚不明确,多数学者认为与肾脏胚胎发育时期的异常有关[1],正常肾单位的形成在于孕4~7周间输尿管芽组织与生后肾原基组织接触后之间的相互诱导,最终形成肾盂肾盏被束缚于肾脏内部的正常结构[2]。
Malament等[1]考虑该发育畸形的原因可能是输尿管芽组织与生后肾原基两者之间的发育不协调,输尿管芽组织发育快于生后肾原基的包绕或后者的包绕相对迟缓均可造成集合系统之于肾实质的外向生长,最终发育成为肾外肾盏畸形。此外,肾外肾盏还与其他泌尿系统异常有关,如肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻(Ureteropelvic junction obstruction,UPJO)、马蹄肾、异位肾、肾旋转不全和肾发育不全等[3-6]。本例患儿便合并右肾发育不全、右肾旋转不全、输尿管中远段重度狭窄或闭锁以及双侧隐睾。先天性输尿管重度狭窄及闭锁也是一罕见的泌尿系统先天畸形,常与无功能、先天发育不全或发育不良的肾脏有关。先天性输尿管闭锁可能是其相对性或完全性缺血所致,即可能是由于发育中的肾脏迁移,导致输尿管局部血供分布改变引起[7]。也有假设认为该重度狭窄或闭锁可能是由于输尿管芽发育和延长过程中某段输尿管通道化失败所引起,即由于Chwalla膜重吸收失败所致。输尿管的导管化自中段开始,孕37~47 d间开始向头端和足端延伸[8-9]。先天性输尿管的重度狭窄或闭锁可为单侧,也可为双侧,从局灶性到输尿管全程均有可能,而远段重度狭窄或闭锁相对常见,本例患儿为中远段的重度狭窄或闭锁。
肾外肾盏多于手术中探查发现,虽术前行静脉尿路造影(Intravenous urography,IVU)、CTU及磁共振尿路造影(Magnetic resonance urography,MRU)有理论上确诊的可能性[10-11],但目前尚未有最准确的检查方法辅助医师术前做出完全准确的诊断[3]。该疾病其临床表现较多,从无症状到泌尿系感染、腹痛、腹部包块、肾盂积水甚至自发性肾盂破裂等均可出现[3,12-13]。本例患儿为先于常规孕检彩超提示“肾盂积水,考虑肾盂UPJO”,后于术中探查最终确诊。有研究[7]认为,行逆行或顺行性泌尿系造影时发现输尿管某段缺失可作为诊断输尿管重度狭窄或闭锁的金标准。然而,对于几月龄大的小婴儿行此类有创的术前检查是否具有较大的意义尚待探讨。
对于无合并其他临床表现的肾外肾盏可不做处理,若合并UPJO等其他临床表现,手术治疗则是其唯一有效的治疗方式。治疗目的在于解决其合并的影响肾功能的相关异常,而非解决肾外肾盏该畸形本身[14]。具体手术方式的选择应以将残余肾功能的多少作为依据:①对于该侧肾功能严重受损的肾脏,应选患侧肾及输尿管切除术[15];②对于该侧肾功能正常者,应尽量保留肾脏并选择合适的肾外肾盏或肾外肾盂行相应的改良式肾盂成形术,开放、腹腔镜术式均有相关报道[12-14],机器人辅助下的腹腔镜手术方式尚无相关案例。本例患儿术前肾动态显像提示右肾GFR为18 mL/min,如若該病患儿GFR处于切除指征的临界值类似于本例患儿,且家长同样保留肾脏意愿强烈,也可尝试行相应的肾盂成形术。对于先天性输尿管长段重度狭窄或闭锁的患儿,手术是其唯一的治疗手段,虽术前做到准确的诊断相对困难,而术前对该侧肾功能的评估则十分必要。对于肾功能良好者,多为月龄较小婴儿或刚出生的新生儿,应尽量以保留该侧肾脏为目标,根据术中实际探查所见的输尿管重度狭窄或闭锁长度及部位,可行:①离断式或非离断式肾盂成形术;②尿道重建中的游离移植物在输尿管狭窄、闭锁手术中的技术嫁接,颊黏膜、舌黏膜、阴茎包皮等[16];③肠代输尿管术,回肠代输尿管、阑尾代输尿管等[17-18]。国外有相关输尿管重度狭窄、闭锁术后保留该侧肾功能的小儿及成人案例的报道[19-21]。对于患儿年龄稍大、患侧肾功能严重受损且对侧肾功能良好者,手术切除该侧肾脏及输尿管可作为首要选择,以避免远期重度肾积水并肾萎缩所导致的血压及内分泌改变[22-26]。
本例肾外肾盏并先天性输尿管长段重度狭窄或闭锁患儿的诊治过程存在以下不足之处:其一,术前输尿管长段重度狭窄或闭锁未明确诊断,而依赖于术中探查,术中应用腔镜组织剪裁开及马尾导丝探查,即自断端稍扩张段向输尿管远端纵行裁开,距断端约1.5 cm处组织剪裁开输尿管受阻明显,于受阻处远端1.0 cm横行裁开约1/2输尿管,向远端纵行裁开仍受阻,后经皮气腹针穿刺置入Fr3输尿管支架管马尾导丝自此处断端向输尿管远端探查仍受阻,以此确诊该侧输尿管中远段重度狭窄或闭锁并非完全准确,若继续向输尿管远端解剖或马尾导丝探查,存在发现输尿管管腔的可能,故术前行输尿管逆行并顺行造影确诊并明确输尿管重度狭窄或闭锁的长度仍十分必要。其二,术前行肾核素扫描示右肾GFR为18 mL/min,介于切除与保留指征的临界值,且患儿家长保肾欲望强烈,术前备选手术方案不充分,对于可能存在的长段输尿管重度狭窄或闭锁,仅有狭窄或闭锁段切除后残余输尿管端端吻合和输尿管切除并阑尾代输尿管成形术两种备选方案。若重度狭窄或闭锁输尿管长度较长或阑尾发育较差或存在炎症粘连则只有“发育不全肾+输尿管切除”一种方案备选,文献中提及尿道重建中的游离移植物在输尿管狭窄、闭锁手术中的技术嫁接及回肠代输尿管术等均可采取[27-29]。故术前完善检查以明确诊断及术前备选手术方案的充分准备均十分重要。
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(收稿日期:2021-06-16)