和合之境 美美与共

肖艳艳

12月9日至10日，浙江台州天台山脚下，“2021和合文化全球论坛（HCGF）”启幕，百余位专家学者围坐一席，畅谈“和合文化与人类命运共同体”。

彷佛千年前智者的对话穿越时空，回响在天台山脚下。

“和”指的是和谐、和平、中和等，“合”指的是汇合、融合、联合等。中华文化崇尚和谐，中国“和”文化源远流长，蕴含着天人合一的宇宙观、协和万邦的国际观、和而不同的社会观、人心和善的道德观。

从古至今，随着对外交流的增加，和合文化这一东方智慧也从中国民间走向世界，开出一朵朵和合之花。

飞腾直欲天台去

早在1000多年前的唐代，天台山就成为中国“网红”们前赴后继的“打卡地”，象征着那个时代的“诗与远方”。

李白云：“龙楼凤阙不肯住，飞腾直欲天台去。”（《琼台》）孟浩然曰：“问我今何去，天台访石桥”。（《舟中晓望》）明代著名旅行家徐霞客在日记中说“余从梁上行，下瞰深潭，毛骨俱悚”，记下了看到石梁飞瀑时的惊心动魄。天台山成为《徐霞客游记》的开篇地。

唐代白话诗人寒山也从长安长途跋涉来到天台山，与国清寺僧人拾得结为好友。二人情同手足，平时登山览水，披阅佛经，诵读古诗，每有所得，辄题写于树石间。

寒山的白话诗内涵丰富，思想深邃，风格独特，清新通俗，蕴含着深厚的和合文化思想。而寒山与拾得亲密交往、和谐相处的故事，被后人神化。在此后的千百年里，人们把潜意识中对“和合”的追求与渴望人格化、实体化。二人被民间奉为专管人间和合事的神灵。古时“和合二仙图”上，还常配有四句诗：和气乃众合，合心则事和;世人能和合，快活乐如何？

清代雍正年间，寒山与拾得被敕封为“和合二圣”，成为中华和合文化的象征，天台山也成为和合文化的圣地。

如今，在台州当地，人们常常能见到一幅“和合二仙图”，图上一人手执荷花相送，一人手捧宝盒相迎，表现出互敬互爱、和谐相处的美好情谊。而荷与盒又与“和合”同音，后人就以荷花与宝盒来寓意和合美满。

1000多年后，当我们身处烟霞缭绕的天台山中，依稀仍可追寻唐代文人的神思。在天台山，他们同山水交流，与哲人对话，汲取人生智慧，求得心灵慰藉。

天台山何以能在漫长历史中成为文人安放心灵之所？是什么熔铸成天台山独特的和合文化魅力？

和合文化起源于中原地带，甲骨文中“和”“合”二字都曾单独出现。“和合”二字联用，最早见于《管子 ·  兵法》，后经历代思想家不断提炼发展。在历史中历经几次人口大规模迁徙后，和合文化被带到了天台。

历史上，台州是个纯粹的“移民城市”，六朝、南宋和元代都有大量的北方移民入台。这些移民带来了丰富多样的文化，但文化的差异性也引发了族群间的冲突。北宋时，在天台任知县的郑至道就在他的《谕俗七篇》明确提到，当地的族群矛盾十分严重。为了缓解矛盾和冲突，台州社会对主张“和为贵”的和合文化有着自发性的强烈需求。

另一方面，天台山的文化生态也为和合文化的发展提供了土壤——儒释道三教在这里并存，更在这里和合包容。佛教天台宗、道教南宗、儒家理学三者互鉴互融，共同构成了天台山和合文化的有机整体。特别是和合文化的代表性人物寒山、拾得，长期生活在天台山。以寒山、拾得为原型的和合形象，逐渐成为中华和合文化的象征。

和合纽带连四方

大道之行，天下为公。中华文明历来讲求“天下一家”，和合文化是民族的，也是世界的，从不囿于一地一方。

和合文化是台州的，也是中国的、世界的;是历史的，也是当代的。和合文化就像一条枢纽，发挥着对外交流的枢纽作用，而且早已有之。联合国前副秘书长金垣洙说：“和合文化对增进不同国家、种族、宗教、文明之间的交流对话，促进世界和平发展有着重要的理论价值和现实意义。”

一粒茶籽，一册经书，一种信念，和合文化在历史上最初的传播载体就是如此细微，却在今天形成宏大的人文地图。

历史上，作为古代“海上丝绸之路”东线的发祥地之一，台州是中国古代沿海通往日本、韩国和东南亚地区的重要门户，桅樯帆影留下了僧人弘法、商人贸易的忙碌身影，一同流传的还有和合文化带给世界的精神感召力。

早在秦代，天台的“乌药”就由徐福通过海路带去日本。盛唐时期，中国佛教天台宗向朝鲜半岛、日本传播。日本、韩国僧侣陆绎不绝登陆唐朝，深入天台山。学成之后，他们将茶籽连同经文、教义带回本国。源自天台的文脉与种子，改写了日本的文化基因。“和合”二字，融入历代不同国籍的往圣先贤的治世理念中。

宋、元之后，这种根深蒂固的文化，依旧维系着中国与世界之间的关系。明代郑和下西洋，茶叶成为当时出口国外的重要物资，远传欧洲。明清时期，“济公活佛”传入日本、东南亚，以及中国台湾、香港、澳门地区。

“和合二圣”则在世界文化中留下了特殊印记，特别是寒山。寒山诗直白却含思辨，倡导人与自然和谐，呼唤人性归真。这样的和合思想，跨越时代并在海外被持续吸纳。

寒山詩在北宋年间传入日本后，900多年来一直深受喜爱，日本随处可以看到寒山邮票、寒山拉面、寒山墨块、寒山酒等。寒山诗不仅在日本享有崇高地位，并且直接影响了日本的俳句、短歌、戏剧、绘画。

20世纪50年代，《寒山子诗集》传入美国，风靡一时，一度形成了近20年的“寒山热”。1997年，美国作家查尔斯 · 弗雷泽出版长篇小说《冷山》。它以美国南北战争为背景，描写人与土地的复杂情感与关系，深受好评，荣获美国国家图书奖，还被拍成同名电影，一时风靡北美大陆。在书的卷首，弗雷泽引用了寒山诗句“人问寒山道，寒山路不通”来阐释书的精神内涵。

交流互鉴聚共识

如今，我们在天台山感悟到，中华和合文化的历史脉络和当代价值愈发清晰。

中华和合文化已经成为中华民族的基因，植根于中国人内心，潜移默化地影响着中国人的思想方式和行为方式。我们不仅追求物质条件、经济指标，还要追求“幸福指数”;既追求自然生态的和谐，也追求“精神生态”的和谐;在追求效率和公平的同时，还要追求人际关系的和谐与精神生活的充实。这其中就贯穿着和合精神。

和合之境是中華民族数千年来追求的理想境界，也影响了世界。

和合文化有了更多交流传播的载体。1989年，台州市天台山文化研究会成立，30多年来，国内外专家学者共同研究和合文化在经济、社会、文化、生态各领域的影响。

人类是休戚与共的命运共同体。如今，面对百年未有之大变局，世界面临更大的困难和挑战。和合文化蕴含的协和万邦的国际观，向全世界传达了中华文化的内涵和善意。

中国人民不仅要自己过上好日子，还追求天下大同。2013年，中国提出共建“一带一路”倡议，体现的就是和合共生、互利共赢的思想，也与联合国可持续发展理念相契合。

为实现“一带一路”沿线国家利益共享共同发展，2016年，以“和合路 · 共命运”为主题的“寒山寺第十届文化论坛 · 和合文化与‘一带一路’学术研讨会暨‘和合星’命名仪式”在苏州举行;2017年，以“尚和合 · 求大同”为主题的中华（天台山）和合文化与“一带一路”国际研讨会在天台举行;2018年，“加拿大和合文化研究会”揭牌仪式在列治文市举行，和合之光在枫叶之国绚烂绽放……这些都传递着中国人绵延已久的家国天下情怀。

目前，天台还与美国、日本、加拿大、韩国等国家和地区开展了经常性的和合主题文化交流活动，还在阿联酋迪拜、日本东京、菲律宾马尼拉等成立了和合文化海外驿站，一批海内外人士受聘为天台山和合文化海外传播大使，将“和合”种子播撒得更远。

近年来，和合文化思想仍不断焕发时代光芒。坚持交流互鉴，向全世界展示伟大古老文明的绚烂之美，就能凝聚起更广泛的共识。

在文化交流互鉴上，浙江也不乏实践。

今年6月，中国丝绸博物馆，2021“丝绸之路周”主场活动开幕，一场丝绸之路沿线国家的人文交流盛会随之展开;

9月，杭州蝴蝶剧场，2021中国希腊文化和旅游年之“照鉴 · 中希戏剧对话”活动举行。悠悠《梁祝》声中，两大古老文明相交相融……

而在钟灵毓秀的天台山下举办的这场大型国际性文化交流活动，正是又一次推动多元共存和包容发展的优秀实践。

世界难题有解法

今天，我们为什么还要崇尚和合文化？这一镌刻于历史的文化基因，如何继续成为推动时代发展的不竭动力？

当今，经济全球化、社会信息化等的不断深入，人类生活的关联性前所未有，世界各国人民的命运，从未如此紧密地联系在一起;与此同时，我们面临的全球性问题也前所未有：放眼全球，国际格局发生深刻调整，全球疫情交织叠加，进入动荡变革期的世界充满着不确定性。

人类命运，和合与共。习近平在国内外多个场合提及和合文化，指出和衷共济、和合共生是中华民族的历史基因，也是东方文明的精髓，并基于此提出一项解决全球社会治理的中国方案：构建人类命运共同体。

何为人类命运共同体？要平等协商，开创共赢共享的未来;要开放创新，开创发展繁荣的未来;要同舟共济，开创健康安全的未来;要坚守正义，开创互尊互鉴的未来。

人类命运共同体，为解决当今世界面临的系列复杂挑战贡献了中国智慧，而体现中华民族的价值追求与民族性格的和合文化，正是其重要的价值支撑。

当今世界遇到的问题，很容易在中华民族的文化基因和民族精神中找到破解之道——“君子和而不同”“万物并育而不相害，道并行而不相悖”……几千年来，我们的民族不断续写着美美与共、天下大同的和美史诗。

构建人类命运共同体，实现共赢共享;弘扬“尚和合”的思想，为“天下和合”奠定坚实的基础。这也恰好与此次论坛主题两相吻合：和合文化与人类命运共同体。

“人类向何处去？未来走什么样的路？和合文化是指引航向的一种价值理念。”在“2021和合文化全球论坛（HCGF）”上，中国人民大学哲学系教授、和合文化研究所所长张立文认为，和合文化独具时代价值。

“和合文化绝不限于这一片土地，是整个人类共同的财富，是应该共同加以珍惜的文化遗产。”复旦大学历史系教授钱文忠说。

在分论坛上，“坚持和睦共荣，实现包容发展”“坚持和衷共济，实现合作共赢”“坚持和谐共生，实现生态文明”等议题，把对和合之道的论述推向新高度。而将2021年定为“和合文化国际元年”，确定浙江天台县为和合文化全球论坛永久会址，意义更是深远。

论和合，命运一体，美美与共。

Building a Shared Future through Respecting and Cherishing the Beauty of Different Cultures

By Xiao Yanyan

At the foot of the Tiantain Mountain in Zhejiang’s Taizhou city， the 2021 Hehe Culture Global Forum was held between December 9 and 10. Over 100 scholars and experts were gathered in the place， sharing their perspectives and views on “Hehe Culture and a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind”， the theme of the forum.

“Hehe” is in fact a combination of two Chinese characters. The first “He” （和） refers to harmony， peace and moderation， while the second “he” （合） indicates connectedness， integration and togetherness. Harmony has long been a cherished value in the Chinese culture， and China’s “he” culture has a long and rich history， in which is contained the cosmic outlook of “heaven and man united as one”， the international outlook of “harmonious coexistence of all nations”， the social outlook of “harmony without uniformity” and the moral outlook of “kindness and benevolence”.

Throughout time， with growing international exchanges and cooperation， the Hehe culture， quiescence of the oriental wisdom， has gradually spread from China to the rest of the world. Indeed， the Hehe Culture Global Forum is just the continuation of the dialogues of those wise men living around the Tiantai Mountain ages ago.

In as early as the Tang dynasty （618-907）， the Tiantai Mountain was already a must-visit place for “celebrities”， i.e. poets， of the time. Li Bai （701-762）， one of the greatest Chinese poets， once stated： “In dragons’ court and phoenixes’ palace I’d rather not stay， To the Tiantai Mountain I’d wish to fly.” Meng Haoran （689-740）， another renowned Tang poet， said： “You ask where I am headed， to the stone bridge up on the Tiantai Mountain.” In the opening page of Xu Xiake’s Travels， Xu Xiake （1587-1641）， the much-celebrated Ming dynasty （1616-1644） geographer， chose Tiantai as his starting point. “Walking along the edge， I feel terrified looking underneath at the abyss，” he wrote， referring to Tiantai’s Shiliang Waterfall.

Another Tang poet， Hanshan （？-？）， was also said to have traveled all the way from the then capital Chang’an （present-day Xi’an city， Shaanxi province） to the Tiantai Mountain， where he met and became best friends with Shide （？-？）， a monk from the Guoqing Temple. The two were like brothers， traveling and climbing mountains together， reading and learning sutras together， and reciting poems together. Whenever they felt inspired， they would write their thoughts on rocks and walls. Although using a simple and much more colloquial language， Hanshan’s poems are known for their unique style and rich meaning， especially the idea and concept of “Hehe” or harmony. Over time， the harmonious and close relationship between Hanshan and Shide， and their stories of friendship were gloried and deified by later generations.

In the tens of hundreds of years that followed， people’s pursuit for “Hehe” was unconsciously personified and reified， and the two figures were gradually worshipped as gods in charge of harmony on earth. In the olden days， four lines of poetry were usually written on beside the images of the two gods： Harmony is meant for all， peace of mind will do and no more; if live in harmony can all， will there be worries any more？

Then during the reign of the Yongzheng emperor （r. 1722-1735） in the Qing dynasty， Hanshan and Shide were bestowed the title of “Hehe Ersheng” or the “Two Gods of Hehe”， becoming the officially endorsed symbols of China’s Hehe culture. Tiantai Mountian， as a result， was turned into the “holy land” of the Hehe culture.

Nowadays， in Taizhou， images of the “Two Gods of Hehe” can be seen everywhere， in which one holds a lotus flower as a gift and the other holds a treasure box as a present to greet each other， showing their friendship， mutual respect and love， and harmonious coexistence. As both “lotus” and “box” have the same pronunciation as “he”， they have often been used to symbolize harmony and happiness.

Now， more than a millennium later， as people stand on the Tiantai Mountain amid all the mist and clouds， the thoughts left by those Tang literati seem still to be traceable in the surroundings. It is on the Tiantai Mountain that they conversed with nature， spoke with the sages， attained the wisdom of life and sought spiritual consolation.

Which begs the question： of all the places， why has the Tiantai Mountain evolved into a place where literary figures throughout Chinese history went to for spiritual comfort？ More specifically， what have made Tiantian Mountain a unique place for the development of the Hehe culture？

The earliest traces of the Hehe culture could be found in China’s Central Plains. The two characters of “Hehe” appeared separately in the oracle bones. The oldest example of the two characters joined together is seen in Guanzi （Methods of Warfare）.  Later， through the continuous refinement and development of generations of thinkers， the seeds of the Hehe culture were brought to Tiantai after several large-scale migrations.

Historically， Taizhou had always been an “immigrant city”. From the end of the Han dynasty （202 BC-220 AD） to the Southern Song dynasty （1127-1279） and the Yuan dynasty （1206-1368）， large numbers of population from the north moved to Taizhou. While they had brought a much more diversified culture， their differences also caused conflicts and clashes. In the Northern Song period （960-1127）， Zheng Zhidao （？-？）， the county magistrate in Tiantai， clearly stated in his book that tensions between different groups were quite serious. To reduce hostility， the local people in Taizhou had a strong desire for the Hehe culture， which called for harmonious existence.

On the other hand， the cultural ecology of Tiantai Mountain also provided the soil for the development of the Hehe culture — Confucianism， Buddhism and Taoism had long coexisted peacefully in the place. The Tiantai school of Buddhism， the Nanzong （Southern Lineage） of Taoism and Neo-Confucianism had learned from each other and integrated with each other， which together constituted an organic whole of the Hehe culture in Tiantai Mountain.

“When the Great Way prevails， the whole world belongs to everyone，” as the Chinese sages used to say. The Chinese civilization has always emphasized that “the world is one family”. Therefore， the Hehe culture not only is part of the Chinese culture， it belongs to the world as well. Just as Kim Won-soo， former Under-Secretary-General of UN observed， “The Hehe culture will be of both important theoretical and practical value in enhancing exchanges between different countries， races， religions and civilizations， and in promoting the world’s peaceful development.”

Indeed， as one of the starting points along the east route of the ancient Maritime Silk Road， Taizhou was an important gateway to Japan， Korea and Southeast Asia. As early as the Qin dynasty （221-206 BC）， Tiantai’s Lindera， a herb known for its medicinal values， was brought by Xu Fu to Japan. At the height of the Tang dynasty， throngs of Japanese and Korean monks came visiting and brought back with them not only the Tiantai school of Buddhism， but also tea seeds and the idea of Hehe. Then during the Ming and Qing period， the teachings of Ji Gong the Living Buddha， also known as Chan Master Daoji who was a Tiantai native， spread to Japan and the Southeast Asia.

The “Two Gods of Hehe”， Hanshan in particular， have left indelible marks on the annals of world cultural history. Introduced to Japan during the Northern Song dynasty， Hanshan’s poems have remained popular over the past 900 years， and have greatly influenced the Japanese haiku， tanka （short songs）， drama and painting. Stamps， inks， and even noodles and bars bearing Hanshan’s name can be seen all over Japan.

In the 1950s， when Hanshan’s poem collection was presented to readers in the US， it became an instant hit. In Cold Mountain， a novel on the American Civil War that won the US National Book Award for Fiction and has been adopted into an award-winning movie， its author Charles Frazier quoted Hanshan’s poetry for the book’s epigraph： “Men ask the way to Cold Mountain. Cold Mountain： there’s no through trail.”

In recent years， efforts have continuously been made for the international exchanges and communication on the Hehe culture， which calls for the “harmonious coexistence of all nations”. After the Tiantai Mountain Culture Research Association was established in 1989， experts from home and abroad have done extensive studies about the impact of the Hehe culture on economy， society， culture， ecology， among others. Since China launched the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013， an embodiment of the idea of harmonious coexistence and mutual benefit， a series of international forums and seminars have been held and programs have been implemented， to discuss on and realize the shared interests and mutual development of countries along the Belt and Road. Moreover， Tiantai is engaged in frequent exchanges on the Hehe culture with the United States， Japan， Canada， Korea and other countries and regions; in Dubai， the United Arab Emirates， Tokyo， Japan and Manila， the Philippines， international centers of the Hehe culture have been set up， and many have volunteered to become communication ambassadors for the Hehe culture， and hope to introduce it to more people.

Some may wonder： why should we still advocate the Hehe culture？ And more importantly， how can the Hehe culture， born more than a millennium ago， continue to serve as a driving force for the development of today’s world？

With the deepening of economic globalization and digitalization， human life has become more interconnected than ever before and the destinies of people around the world have never been so closely intertwined. At the same time， the problems and challenges facing the world today are unprecedented. As the international structure is going through major changes， intensified by the ongoing global pandemic， we are entering a period in which the world is full of uncertainties.

Mankind has a common and shared future. Xi Jinping， the Chinese president， has spoken of the Hehe culture on many occasions， pointing out that harmony and coexistence are the historical “genes” of the Chinese nation and the essence of the oriental civilization. Accordingly， he proposed a Chinese solution to global governance： building a community with a shared future for mankind.

What is a community with a shared future for mankind？ Consultation on an equal footing to create a future of shared benefits; openness and innovation to create a future of development and prosperity; solidarity and cooperation to create a future of health and security; and commitment to justice to create a future of mutual respect and mutual learning.

The idea of a community with shared future for mankind， underpinned by the values of the Hehe culture， is China’s contribution to solving a series of complex challenges facing the world today. “Harmony without uniformity”， “All living things should flourish without harming each other; all ways of life should thrive without hindering each other” … the answers to these challenges can be easily found in the Chinese wisdom.

“Where mankind is headed and what path（s） will be taken， the Hehe culture will provide guidance，” according to Zhang Liwen， professor at Department of Philosophy and director of the Institute of Hehe Culture of Renmin University of China， who spoke at the Hehe Cultural Global Forum.

“The Hehe culture is by no means limited to this piece of land. It is the common wealth of the whole mankind and should be cherished as a cultural heritage，” said Qian Wenzhong， professor at Department of History of Fudan University， who also attended the forum.

At the three subforums， namely “Promote Harmony and Common Prosperity to Realize Inclusive Development”， “Overcome Difficulties with Solidarity for Win-Win Cooperation” and “Pursue Common Development in Harmony to Build an Eco-civilization”， scholars and participants discussed extensively on more areas and topics concerning the Hehe culture. More significantly， the year 2021 has been designated as the “First International Year of the Hehe Culture”， and Tiantai county has been chosen as the permanent site to host the Hehe Culture Global Forum.

Let’s work together， and build a shared future through respecting and cherishing the beauty of different cultures.