主题语境十四：饮食与健康

蒋建平

感知 素養解读

饮食话题包括各类食物、饮料、餐桌礼仪与习惯表达，以及中西方文化在待客或饮食方面的差异。健康话题是高考中的高频话题。

“饮食与健康”是高中课标中非常重要的主题，包括各种食品的介绍、健康饮食、绿色食品、饮食文化、快餐、饮食习惯与喜好、订餐与供给、健身与锻炼、保健、个人卫生、各种疾病与防治、意外事故、医疗保险、财富与健康等内容。

“饮食与健康”主题的书面表达常用文体有说明文、记叙文、议论文、邀请函等。常用时态有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时等。

关于“饮食与健康”主题的写作常有以下几个命题角度：

1. 如何养成良好的饮食习惯;

2. 介绍中国饮食文化;

3. 简述睡眠与健康的关系;

4. 简述青少年的心理健康问题;

5. 介绍你喜欢的某种食物，并至少说出两点理由。

探究 语库构建

语境串记

Healthy diets

To learn more about food and health， during the past few years， nutritionists 1. ___________（study）diets in places 2.___________  people are healthier and live longer than 3.___________ （usually）. Theyve found that in Japan and Mediterranean countries in 4.___________ （south） Europe， rates of heart disease， diabetes， strokes and cancer are among the 5.___________ （low） in the world. Even though their traditional cuisines look and taste very different， Japanese and Mediterranean people eat many of 6.___________  same foods. They eat lots of fruits， vegetables， whole grains， beans and nuts， and they cook in vegetable oils rather than animal fats. Their traditional diets also include plenty of fish and seafood， 7.___________  not many dairy foods or eggs， and little or no red meat.

Many nutritionists now recommend low?fat diets like this， or the similar pescetarian diet that includes dairy products， fish and seafood， but no poultry or red meat like pork or beef. Some are even recommending a 8.___________ （total） meat?free vegetarian or vegan diet， especially for people 9.___________  heart disease or other diet?related 10.___________ （illness）. But if you become vegetarian or vegan， they say you must make sure you get all the essential amino acids from protein?rich plant foods like soybeans.

健康饮食

在过去的几年里，为了了解更多关于食物和健康的知识，营养学家研究了人们更健康、寿命更长的地方饮食。他们发现，在日本和南欧的地中海国家，心脏病、糖尿病、中风和癌症的发病率是世界上最低的。尽管他们的传统菜系看起来和尝起来都很不一样，但日本人和地中海人吃的食物很多是一样的。他们吃很多水果、蔬菜、全麦食品、豆类和坚果，而且他们用植物油而不是动物脂肪来烹饪。他们的传统饮食也包括大量的鱼类和海鲜，但奶制品和鸡蛋不多，红肉很少或根本没有。

现在许多营养学家推荐像这样的低脂饮食，或者类似的鱼素者的饮食，包括乳制品、鱼和海鲜，但没有像猪肉或牛肉这样的红肉或家禽肉。有些人甚至建议完全不吃肉的素食主义者或纯素食主义者，特别是对患有心脏病或其他饮食相关疾病的人。但是如果你成为素食主义者或纯素食主义者，他们说你必须确保你从富含蛋白质的植物性食物中摄取所有必需的氨基酸，比如大豆。

素材积累

一、阅读词汇整合（明其义）

【核心单词】

1. healthy adj. 健康的

unhealthy adj. 不健康的

health n. 健康;卫生

subhealth n. 亚健康

2. normal adj. 正常的;一般的

abnormal adj. 反常的

3. bleed v. 出血;流血

blood n. 血;血液

bloody adj. 血腥的

4. anxious adj. 忧虑的;焦急的;渴望的

anxiously adv. 焦急地;忧虑地;渴望地

anxiety  n. 焦虑;忧虑;担心

5. serve 招待（顾客等）;服务;端菜;上酒

6. entertainment 招待;款待

7. delicious 可口的;美味的

8. appetite 食欲;胃口

9. digest 消化

10. painful 痛苦的

【高频短语】

1. be good/beneficial to 对……有益

2. be bad for 对……有害

3. be abundant in 富含……

4. be high/low in 含……高/低

5. be crazy about 迷恋……;对……狂热

6. be anxious about sth 为……担心（忧虑）

7. keep fit 保持健康

8. treat oneself to sth 给自己买某物

9. go on a diet 进行节食

10. lose weight 减肥

11. break down （身体）垮掉

【主题整合】

食物名称

1. beef 牛肉

2. hamburger 汉堡包

3. sandwich 三明治

4. salad 沙拉

5. toast 烤面包片;吐司

6. sausage 香肠

7. starter 开胃菜

8. appetizer 开胃小吃

9. dessert 甜点; 餐后甜食

10. pudding 布丁（西餐中一种甜点）

11. barbecue 烧烤

12. dairy product 乳制品

13. fish and chips 炸鱼和薯条

烹饪方式

1. boil 煮;使沸腾

2. roast （在火上）烤;烘（食物，尤指肉）

3. fry 用油煎;用油炸

4. stew 用文火慢慢煨炖;炖烂

5. bake 烤;烘焙;（将某物） 烤硬

饮食文化

1. table manners 餐桌礼仪

2. healthy food/diet 健康饮食

3. green/organic food 绿色食品

4. go on a balanced diet 膳食均衡

健康

1. slim （身材）苗条

2. stout 肥胖的;肥壮的

3. allergic 过敏的

4. symptom 症状

5. dizzy 头晕目眩的

6. depression 抑郁症

7. refresh （使）精神振作;（使）精力恢复

8. cure sb of sth 治愈某人的病

9. have got a high/slight fever 发高/低烧

10. recover from 從……中恢复

11. send for a doctor 派人请医生

12. keep energetic 保持精力充沛

13. be in good/poor health 健康状况良好/不佳

二、写作词汇运用（悉其用）

根据汉语提示或用所给单词的正确形式完成句子。

1. If you___________       （缩小） only your dinner plate， you will be eliminating more than 5，000 calories a month from your diet.

2. Even a smallish fast food lunch delivers around 800 calories—more than a（n）___________

（普通的） woman would want to get at dinner.

3. Most of the healthiest foods have only one______________________（成分）. Longer lists generally mean more sugar， more salt， and more artificial flavors.

4. Thats without considering such___________

（经济的） options as occasionally substituting beans or lentils for meat， or making a sandwich at home rather than spending money at a restaurant.

5. If you make enough for leftovers， youll save time___________       （长期）.

6. Studies suggest that a wholesome home?cooked dinner takes only about ten minutes longer to prepare， on average， than serving

___________        （process） or ready?made food.

7. As any 5?year?old or picky eater can attest，___________        （familiar） is a powerful driver of dietary preference.

8. Just keep___________       （serve） the new dishes， and soon neither you nor your palate will recall what all the fuss was about.

9.___________        （放慢速度） your meals， pay attention to what youre eating， and call it quits when youre about 80 percent full.

10. As well as giving us a temporary buzz， coffee is also known___________       （降低风险） depression and increase dopamine and seroto?nin.

三、核心句型表达（精于表）

根据要求翻译下列句子。

1. 多进行体育锻炼，你就会变得更健康。

译法一：（祈使句+and+陈述句）

__________________________________________________________________      译法二：（动名词作主语， contribute to）

__________________________________________________________________      2. 当我第一次吃中餐时，才知道真正的中餐

宴会那么丰盛。

译法一：（the first time引导时间状语从句）

__________________________________________________________________      译法二：（用not...until...句型）

__________________________________________________________________      3. 我们认为健康的饮食习惯，包括按时

就餐、均衡饮食、多吃水果蔬菜等。这对我们很重要。

译法一：（含including结构）

__________________________________________________________________      译法二：（含included结构）

__________________________________________________________________      译法三：（含非限制性定语从句）

__________________________________________________________________      4. 要保持心理健康，我们得保持乐观的心态。

译法一：（in order that引导目的状语从句）

__________________________________________________________________      译法二：（不定式作目的状语）

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. 我們要重视运动，如多跑步、少开车、践行绿色出行等。

译法一：（用what引导主语从句）

__________________________________________________________________      译法二：（强调句型，强调宾语）

__________________________________________________________________

实践 主题测评

知识维度诊断评价

Ⅰ. 单句填空

1. One question Im___________    （frequent） asked is “Whats the secret to a healthy diet？”， yet the answer isnt all that mysterious.

2.___________      youre already in shape or trying to lose weight， one of the best things you can do for your waistline and your health is downsize your dishware.

3. When we eat on the go， our brains tend to register the food as a snack—regardless of how many calories we consume—___________    （lead） us to overeat at our next meal.

4. The smart choices cost no more， and in fact， there was a potential small saving______________________       （associate） with the healthy selections.

5. By devoting a few minutes to planning for more nutritious eating， you invest in your own health and___________    of your family.

6. Obesity， diabetes， and heart disease all lead to doctor and hospital visits，___________     take a lot of time.

7. Parents who eat with their children report greater___________    （satisfy） with family life.

8. The best way to keep your body energetic is to eat a well?rounded，___________     （nutrition） diet.

9. For obvious reasons， chocolate makes us very happy， however， it doesnt just provide an instant fix to a low mood， for it is also rich in magnesium， which helps calm your muscles and reduce

___________    （anxious）.

10. All leafy greens have some key components for improving your mood and help prevent you from becoming___________     （depress）.

Ⅱ. 單句改错

1. This ensures that you get enough nutrient and automatically reduces the amount of fat and calories you consume.

_________________________________

2. Studies indicate that simple by eating at a leisurely pace， you could drop up to 20 pounds a year.

_________________________________

3. Kids eat with their parents are less likely to consume junk food， less likely to overeat， and less likely to be overweight.

_________________________________

4.  A lot of us rely on a regularly caffeine fix to improve our mood throughout the day， and it really does just that.

_________________________________

5. If you want your mood to be as sunny as your eggs， then eating it regularly will certainly help.

_________________________________

Ⅲ. 情境写作

假定你要参加以“A Balanced Diet and Health”为主题的科普英语竞赛。请根据下面的图示及文字写一篇演讲稿，简单论述饮食与健康的关系。

注意：

1. 词数100左右;

2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Good afternoon， ladies and gentlemen！ Im very glad to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject—A Balanced Diet and Health.________________________________________________________________________________________

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Thats all. Thank you.

（主题语境十四：素养维度发展评价，见第53～55页）