Abstract

TheResourceandEnvironmentalCostoftheConsumerSociety:AReviewonthe"2019ChineseHumanityandSocialSciencesEnvironmentForum"

ZHANGYulin,GUOHui

Abstract: With the rapid development of China′s economy, Chinese society has stepped into a "consumer society" since the end of 20 century. The transformation of this social form not only means great well-being, but also with the huge consumption of resources, resulting in heavy environmental costs, and producing more and more global ecological effects. Scholars from multi-disciplines made extensive discussions on this from various perspectives, including the implication of consumer society in the sense of social transformation, dissimilated consumption, the evolution of consumption structure and its macro ecological footprint, factors affecting the effects of resources and environment, as well as the actual consumption status and resources and environmental costs of major consumer goods such as food, housing, automobiles, etc., and as the ultimate end of the above, the "garbage problem". The search for a way out involves not only the "green consumption" following the technological route, the transformation from consumers to "environmental citizens", but also the substantial "thorough transformation of civilization". The reports and discussions on multiple topics are full of insights, but also highlight the gaps and shortcomings of existing research, which is bound to be a reference for future research.

ConsumptionEconomy,ConsumerismandConsumptionSocietyfromthePerspectiveofSocialistEcologicalCivilization

HUANQingzhi,LIULi

Abstract: From the perspective of Ecological Marxism, the emergence of consumptioneconomy and the evolution from Consumerism to consumption society in European and American capitalist countries are essentially rooted in the framework of capitalist economic system and its social and cultural ideology that always shaped the whole process and its results.In this sense, contemporary China is obviously not a complete or typical consumption society. To be more precise, the ongoing transformation of the consumption society in China′s real life or on the level of daily consumption of the masses,has not only posed severe challenges but also brought important opportunities for the construction of the socialist ecological civilization that we are committed to. In particular, the construction of ecological civilization based on the sober socialist political consciousness can become both internal constraint and alternative guidance to the transformation process, and a historical impetus to the transition to the middle and senior stage of socialism with Chinese characteristics as well.

ResearchonEcologicalSecurityConceptofXiJinping′sEcologicalCivilizationThought

LUBo，FANGShinan

Abstract: As an important part of Xi Jinping′s thought of ecological civilization, the concept of ecological security employs national security thinking and systematic dialectical thinking method in the Great Security Era. Xi not only regards the ecological environment security as an important cornerstone of the state security and an important guarantee for the sustained and healthy development of economy and society, but also takes the effective prevention of ecological risks and the maintenance of ecological security as the solid foundation for building a community of shared human future.The formation of ecological security concept is an urgent need to cope with the current global ecological crisis. It is an important part of Xi Jinping′s thought of ecological civilization, and an inheritance and development of Marxist conception of national security.It is of great theoretical and practical significance to build a global ecological security system and promote a win-win cooperation in global ecological governance.

OnRelationshipbetweenEcologicalEnvironmentalDamageCompensationLitigationandEnvironmentalCivilPublicInterestLitigation

LINLihong,DENGJiayong

Abstract: As a new type of litigation, ecological environmental damage compensation litigation essentially belongs to environmental civil public interest litigation. On one hand, the plaintiff and the defendant of the lawsuit are in equal status, and the defendant cannot be a state organ in public law, which conforms to the characteristics of civil lawsuit. On the other hand, the environmental interest protected by the lawsuit is a public interest, and the prevailing interest is shared by the whole people, which conforms to the characteristics of public interest litigation. In view of the positioning of the relationship between ecological environmental damage compensation litigation and environmental civil public interest litigation, the integration of the standards of both litigation can better realize the goal of environmental protection. Specifically, in terms of litigation qualification, plaintiff of the former litigation can be interpreted as the "legally prescribed organ" in Article 55 of theCivilProcedureLawthrough legislation. In terms of judicial organization, the types of environmental civil public interest litigation cases that need to be heard by environmental resources tribunal or designated special court should be specified. In terms of evidence rules, it is necessary to standardize the evidence ability of the administrative organs during law enforcement involving evidence collecting and reports producing. In terms of liability bearing, the term "restoration" should be replaced by"restoration of the ecological environment", the restoration standard should be reasonably defined, the restoration method should be improved and the scope of compensation should be specified.

OnEnvironmentalPublicInterestLitigationInitiatedbyProcuratorates:HistoricalEvolutionandEvaluation

GAOQi

Abstract: Environmental public interest litigation in China has expanded beyond standing to individual rights and emphasizes the protection of objective legality. This legal reform was initially highlighted as an important means of social governance. Subsequent developments, however, revealed a tendency towards increasing governmental regulation, particularly with regard to the granting of standing to procuratorates.Given the current number of cases, the advantage of allowing procuratorates to bring environmental public interest litigation is obvious. Nevertheless, potential negative impacts on the protection of individual rights, decreasing opportunities for social governance and growing risks of rent-seeking should not be neglected. This paper focuses on the historical development and evaluation of the standing of procuratorates in environmental public interest litigation. Normative, doctrinal and comparative methodologies will be used to analyse the pros and cons. Suggestions will then be provided to avoid and mitigate negative impacts.

OnEfficiencyDifferenceofPPPModeandTraditionalModeinRuralEnvironmentalGovernance:AComparativeAnalysisbasedonDomesticWasteDisposalCases

DUYanqiang,LIUHanbin,CHENLigen

Abstract: Is the PPP mode a bless or a curse in promoting supply efficiency of public goods? Which is superior in improving rural human settlements, the PPT mode or the traditional governance? In the context of fighting against pollution and implementing the strategy of rural revitalization, a probe into the answers has important theoretical and practical significance.This paper systematically sorts out the effectiveness of the PPP mode and its evaluation content, selects two cases of rural domestic waste treatment, compares and analyzes the PPP mode and the traditional mode from the aspects of cost and phase. It finds that the total cost difference is not large and the overall efficiency is still relatively limited, but the PPP mode pays more attention to the initial investment to ensure quality and reduce the life cycle cost; both modes have their advantages and disadvantages in different stages, especially the market-driven PPP mode which has strong flexibility and innovation, while the government has strong social mobilization and value equity.In short, there is no "universal mode" for rural environmental governance. In the reality of the rapid flow of urban and rural elements, different modes need to be treated differently.

OnPolicyof"ReducingtheSecondaryIndustryandPromotingtheThird"andItsSocialEcologicalInfluence

WUJunya,LIChangru

Abstract: Since the policy of "reducing the secondary industry and promoting the third"was carried out, more and more polluting factories have been moved out of cities and into suburbs, which bring about environmental problems in original urban industrial land-circulation and specialization of chemical industrial parks (CIP). The lingering problems of industrial pollution remain serious in original urban lands, and a dual pitfall of safety risks and environmental risks has arisen in new planning areas due to the changes in population mobility, enterprise cluster structure, and surrounding environment.Therefore, it is extremely important to consider suitable measures with different local conditions, such as urbanization level, economic condition and so on, to ensure the coordination and oversight for all sites.Besides, the key objective and sustainable move in industrial structure adjust and safety production is to rebuild urban micro-circulation and optimize the layout and distribution of CIP, which should be based on the experience and insights of city management.

OnControlIncentive,PublicWelfareDonationandCompanyRisk-Taking

WULianghai，WANGLingxi

Abstract: This paper selects the data of the listed companies in China′s Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share markets from 2010 to 2016 as research samples. Based on the perspective of agency problem, the method of multiple linear regression is used to analyze the relationship between public welfare donation and company risk-taking. The results are as follows: Public welfare donation inhibits the risk-taking level of company; Control incentive helps to improve the suppression of public welfare donation on level of company risk-taking; The effect of public welfare donation on suppressing company risk-taking levelis more significant in state-owned enterprises, but the role of control incentive does not show significant difference in the nature of property rights. Whether it is in the economic upswing or the economic downturn, the suppression of company risk-taking level by public welfare donation and the regulation of control incentives both exist.The research in this paper shows that public welfare donation may weaken the willingness of company to take risks, but good company governance mechanisms can improve this weakening to a certain extent, which further emphasizes the importance and urgency of strengthening company governance and promoting modern enterprise system construction and market-oriented reform.

ResearchonConstructionofMisallocationIndexofInnovativeResourcesinIndustries:BasedonEvidencefrom23IndustrialSectorsinShanxi

GUOShufen,ZHANGJinnan

Abstract: Optimizing the allocation of innovative resources in industries will help improving the innovation efficiency of the region. Based on the model of Hsieh & Klenow, we introduce the knowledge production function and the product market distortion index, and construct respectively the absolute misallocation index and the relative misallocation index. In addition,with the data of 23 industrial industries in Shanxi Province from 2014 to 2017,we empirically analyze the problem of misallocation.The results show that the problem of misallocation of innovative resources in Shanxi is apparent; the absolute misallocation mainly reflects the shortage of innovative resources, and the relative misallocation indicates that Shanxi′s innovative resources have not favorably flown to the sector with largest demand and market share.These findings have significant implications for policymaking about the allocation of innovative resources.