迈向第四范式：智慧城市从高科技向人本科技的跨越

专题主持人：邬峻

今天，随着“第四次工业革命”带来的根本变化及其对社会的深远影响，移动通信、自动驾驶、大数据、机器学习、人工智能、虚拟现实、机器人技术、基因编辑、3D打印、量子计算、物联网等最新技术是我们在设计中必须面对的新挑战。“智慧城市”是迎接新挑战和利用新环境中技术潜力的最重要枢纽之一。正如历史所证明的那样，如果世界随着新技术的变化而变革，那么传统的都市主义是无法置身事外的。我们必须了解并适应新环境，主动寻求新的设计范式。

数字技术是新兴范式的核心，这一期智慧城市专题邀请了学界、业界和非政府组织的精英人士来探讨智慧城市如何塑造城市化景观在“第四次工业革命”时代的地位和作用。新范式在我们的城市和环境中的新理论、新形态学、新设计方法论和新影响是什么？设计师根据物理、虚拟和生态系统的革命应该如何产生智慧城市的智慧设计案例和智能研究方法？很多老朋友百忙中欣然应邀参加本期讨论并贡献他们最优秀的思想和实践，在此我表示由衷的感谢！

在构建未来智慧城市的时候，我们不应忘记以人为本的智慧城市研究。荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学规划教授Maria Kaika指出在联合国人居三大会的现有框架内追求新的智慧城市范式只能对公民和环境强行接种“智慧城市”疫苗，并迫使城市承担所谓的韧性，社会承担更大的不平等和退化风险。她认为，真正的智能解决方案和真正的社会创新不是在建立共识的实践中找到，而是在某些持异议的做法中形成的，这些是当前智慧城市建设迫切需要解决的问题。荷兰代尔夫特理工大学的Arjan van Timmeren教授指出“智慧城市”的3个基本要素是：城市+人+技术，每个要素都有自己的变化和发展步伐。为了解决这些要素间的矛盾，创新不能强加于城市，而需要在“生活实验室”中形成和测试。一个关键的跨越是从智慧城市走向智慧公民，而后者才是韧性城市的必要条件。荷兰未来城市基金会负责人Jan-Willem Wesselink则强调宜居性是智慧城市建设的出发点，为此我们应该从连接性、灵活性和富有意义的范式来设计以人为本的智慧城市。

在构建未来智慧城市的时候，我们不应忘记以人为本的设计实践。UNStudio创始人Ben van Berkel教授主张，我们需要在知识的探索和生产上进行投资，以便朝着更加高效、更有关联性和以人为本的设计转变。这就是为什么UNStudio在2018年 成立了一家名为UNSense的姊妹公司的原因。用数据设计空间实际上是UNSense的本质。她通过在Helmond最新的设计实践中证明了这一点：“世界上最智慧的社区”就是一个很好的例子。MVRDV创始人之一Winy Maas教授提出了一种自下而上的智慧城市设计范式。该范式将智慧城市探索为一个由智慧公民共同参与的包容性“实用设计游戏”。根据法规、经济和现有城市结构，开发的软件将所有智慧公民与城市的基本逻辑联系起来。这样，他们都可以将自己想要的东西融合在一起，将“自我”（Ego）变成“大我”（Wego）。

在构建未来智慧城市的时候，我们不应忘记艺术在设计实践中的特殊角色。West 8的出色设计实践——上海张江艺术公园，作为张江科学城的延伸，在智慧城市蓬勃发展浪潮中提醒我们，艺术是科学的孪生姐妹。他们设计的“绿框公园”实现了艺术与科学、新区与旧城、景观与城市的完美结合。

在大西洋彼岸，来自美国的同行分享了相似的理念。Sasaki事务所首席设计师Dennis Pieprz通过他们在加拿大多伦多的设计项目，强调智慧城市不应始于大型科技而应始于智慧设计，因为城市千年不变的DNA其实是决定城市生活的基本框架，而非最新涌现的各种高科技。在智能设计中，人的尺度的基本城市框架、连接性和邻里节点至关重要。正如Dennis Pieprz所总结的那样：“好的城市设计首先是人本主义的追求，然后是技术上的追求！”

在构建未来智慧城市的时候，我们不应忽略城市形态作为集体文化表现的城市发展史。哈佛大学景观系前系主任、“景观都市主义”的缔造者，Charles Waldheim教授提出新的“阳光都市主义”。他发现太阳朝向与城市化之间的关系是政体与项目之间和睦的一个潜在主题。这将建立生态功能与城市形态之间的一组新关系，使复兴城市集体文化成为可能。最近在纽约的一些项目以及在哈佛大学GSD展开的设计研究验证了“阳光都市主义”作为一种全新的都市主义的巨大潜力。Charles倡导的“阳光都市主义”提醒我们：这个星球的最大智慧其实来自太阳，她赋予我们集体文化的能量和可能的城市新形态。正如Charles所预计的：“通过解读最新数字范式对都市主义的承诺，以及与太阳能相关的城市形式和城市模型的潜力，这些历史案例将被发扬光大！”

尽管以人为本的智慧城市是基点，但是技术的建设性途径无法忽视。我敬佩美国同行Bradley Cantrell在数字化和计算机化方面的独特见解。有意思的是我的校友——Eric Terry（他曾在TU Delft航空航天系学习）， 他将航空动力学原理与最先进的大数据和软件模拟结合，用来研究智慧城市的环境设计与形态优化。在荷兰这样一个最早使用风车、风力塑造景观有着悠久历史的国家，显得充满了传统智慧和现代科技。我还欣喜地看到国内同行在智慧城市技术方面的优秀成果。我有足够理由相信中国将在这一领域为人类发展做出自己独特的贡献。

本人也荣幸地介绍基于机器学习的荷兰智慧城市宜居性预测模型研究的最新进展。它虽然使用了最前沿的“第四范式”的一些数据工程和AI机器学习算法，但使用这些高科技的目的是服务于人居环境的宜居性。因为我坚信：宜居性始终是以人为本的智慧城市设计的出发点和目的地。

最后，作为智慧城市专题的主持人，我想引用苹果首席执行官库克在哈佛大学毕业典礼演讲中的观点来提醒未来智慧城市的设计师和建造者：“我不担心人工智能使计算机具有像人一样思考的能力。我更关心的是人们变得像没有价值观和同情心的计算机那样去思考，且不计后果。”

（编辑/王亚莺）

Today, with fundamental changes brought about by“The 4th Industrial Revolution” and its profound impacts on our society, we have to face new challenges in our design from the latest technologies, such as mobile communication, autonomous vehicles, big data, machine learning, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, robotics, gene editing, 3D printing, quantum computing and IoT. “Smart City” has become one of the most important hubs for meeting new challenges and exploring technical potentials for design in the new environment. As history shows, if the world changes with new technologies, the traditional urbanism has to be included. We must understand and adapt to the new circumstances and take the initiative to seek new design paradigms.

Digital technologies are at the core of the emerging paradigms. In this issue, we have invited elites from the academic circles, industries and NGOs(Non-Governmental Organizations) to discuss how smart city has reshaped the positions and roles of urbanism and landscape in the age of“The 4th Industrial Revolution”; what are the new applications, typologies, methodologies and impacts of the new paradigms on our cities and environment; what are the emerging opportunities and challenges to our discipline from the rise of AI in this new environment; how designers should generate smart design innovation and research theories regarding the revolution in physical, virtual and ecological complexities. Many old friends have gladly joined us in the discussion and contributed their best ideas and practices. Here, I’d like to express my heartfelt thanks to them.

In building smart city for the future, we should not forget about human-oriented academic insight for smart city. Maria Kaika, a professor of urban and regional planning from the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pointed out that pursuing a new urban paradigm within the existing framework of UN-Habitat III could only act as immunology: It vaccinates citizens and environments to make them more resilient and bear greater inequality and degradation in the future. She argued that real smart solutions and social innovation were to be found in some dissenting practices rather than consensus-building practices. These are the urgent problems to be solved in the construction of smart cities at present. Prof. Arjan van Timmeren concluded that the three basic ingredients for“smarter cities” were: city+ people+ technology, each with its own pace of change and development. To resolve contradictions among the competing ingredients, innovation shall not be imposed on cities. It needs to be generated and tested within“living labs”. A key leap is to move from smart cities to smart citizens, and the latter is a necessary condition for building resilient cities. Mr. Jan-Willem Wesselink, the manager of Future City Foundation in The Netherlands, emphasized that livability was the starting point of smart city construction. To this end, we should design a human-oriented smart city from the new design paradigm of connectivity, flexibility and meaningfulness.

In building a smart city for the future, we should not forget the human-oriented design practice. Professor Ben van Berkel, the founder of UNStudio, advocated to invest in the exploration and production of knowledge, in order to shift towards more performative, relevant and anthropocentric design. This is why UNStudio founded the sister company UNSense in 2018. Designing space with data is actually the essence of UNSense. It was testified in the latest design practice in Helmond: “The smartest neighborhood in the world” is a great case. Professor Winy Maas, one of the founders of MVRDV, proposed a bottom-up design paradigm for smart city. The paradigm explored smart city as an inclusive“practical design game” participated by smart citizens. The developed software connects all smart citizens to the underlying logic of their city in terms of regulations, economy and existing urban structures. In this way, they can all get what they want together— turning“Ego” into“Wego”.

In building a smart city for the future, we should not forget the unique role of art in the design practice. Shanghai Zhangjiang Art Park, the excellent design practice of West 8, is an extension of the Zhangjiang Science City in Shanghai. It has reminded us that art is a twin sister of science in the booming of smart cities. The“Green Frame Park” designed by them has realized the perfect integration of art and science, new district and old city, landscape and city.

Across the Atlantic, our colleagues from the United States shared similar ideas. Mr. Dennis Pieprz, the chair of design in Sasaki, emphasized through their design projects in Toronto, Canada that smart cities should not start with large-scale technologies but should begin with smart design. Since the urban DNA that has been persistent for thousand years is actually the basic framework that determines the urban life, rather than the latest high technologies. In the smart design, the basic urban framework of human scale, connectivity, and neighborhood nodes are critical. As Dennis Pieprz concluded: “Good urban design is a humanist pursuit first, a technical one second.”

In building a smart city for the future, we should not ignore the history of urban development as an expression of collective culture. Professor Charles Waldheim, former head of Harvard’s Landscape Department and founder of“Landscape Urbanism,” recently proposed the“New” Heliomorphism. He argued that a rapprochement between the polity and the project might be found in the relationship between solar orientation and urbanism. The prospect of“Heliomorphism” affords a new set of relationships between ecological function and urban form, and makes the revival of urban collective culture possible. Recent projects in New York and the design research carried out at Harvard GSD have verified the great potential of“Heliomorphism” as a new era of urbanism. The“Heliomorphism” advocated by Charles reminds us that the greatest wisdom of our planet actually comes from the sun. It gives us the energy of our collective culture and the form of new urbanism. As Charles expected: “Those historical cases will be leavened by a reading of more recent commitments to digital paradigms for urbanism and the potentials of relational urban modeling of urban form in relation to solar performance.”

Although the human-oriented is the basis, the constructive approaches of technology cannot be ignored. I admire Bradley Cantrell’s unique insights on digitization and computerization. Interesting is my alumni, Eric Terry(he once studied at the Department of Aerospace in TU Delft), he combines the principles of aerodynamics with the most advanced big data and software simulation to study the environmental design and morphological optimization of smart cities. In a country with a rich history of using windmills, such as The Netherlands, to shape landscapes with wind is a traditional wisdom and now is enhanced with modern technology. I am also glad to see the excellent achievements of my Chinese colleagues in smart city technology. I have every reason to believe that China will make its own unique contribution to human development in this area.

I was honored to introduce my latest research on a predictive model of livability based on machine learning for smart city in The Netherlands. Although it employs some of the cutting-edge technologies as the“4th paradigm” of data-intensive investigation and AI machine learning algorithms, the purpose of using these high technologies is to explore the livability for human settlements. I believe that livability is both the departure and destination of the smart design for a human-oriented smart city.

Finally, as the moderator of this special issue over Smart City, I would like to cite the speech of Apple CEO Cook in the Harvard graduation ceremony to remind the designers and builders of smart cities in the future: “I’m not worried about artificial intelligence giving computers the ability to think like humans. I’m more concerned about people thinking like computers without values or compassion, without concern for consequences.”