指向学科素养发展的英语复习课探索
——以语法填空为例

2020-11-16 11:40重庆
教学考试(高考英语) 2020年5期
关键词:考点命题语法

重庆

学科素养是高考评价中的一个关键的连接层。基于这一连接层,高考实现了将知识、能力、价值融为一体的综合测评。《中国高考评价体系》列出了学科素养的3 个一级指标和9 个二级指标(如下图)。

图1 学科素养指标体系

学科素养指标体系规定了高考考查的能力要求和结构,是未来高考试题命制的重要依据。因此,高三阶段的复习课,教师应在“学习掌握、实践探索、思维方法”三方面下功夫,以发展学生学科核心素养为导向。

一、英语专题复习课的现状

随着《普通高中英语课程标准(2017 年版2020 年修订)》的发布,发展学科核心素养在高中非毕业年级的英语课堂上得到了较好的渗透与落实,涌现出了一批基于发展学科核心素养的优秀教学课例和教学设计。但是高三年级的复习课模式却鲜有变化,不少课堂还在“穿旧鞋、走老路”。英语专题复习课的设计更是未能契合时代发展,存在着明显的问题。

1.重知识,轻能力

近年来,高考英语的命题原则经历了由“注重知识、突出能力”到“(侧重)能力与运用”再到“重点考查关键能力”的转变,进一步凸显了“能力”的考查重心地位。然而,英语专题复习课并未重视相应能力的培养,教师教学仍然以语言知识的讲解为中心。

例如,笔者以往在复习语法填空时,常用的方法便是就题讲题,对题目10 个空格处的所有考点进行精讲,有时还要拓展发挥,以求面面俱到。教师普遍认为,不断地把学生“浸泡”在考点知识中,他们自然会熟知每个考点,得分率就会增加。但是,频繁接触知识并不等于掌握了知识,学生的学习能力未得到培养,“知识轰炸”反而加重了其记忆负担。

2.重讲解,轻探索

对于高考英语的命题思路和答题技巧,笔者也有一些思考。但在以往的复习课中,笔者经常把这些方法或策略通过讲授的方式抛给学生,并未创设情境和学生一起探索,或引领他们通过合作、探究等方式发现规律,找到解决办法。

例如,在以前的语法填空复习课中,笔者会告诉学生篇章词数、空格设置形式、主要考点等,企图通过讲授让学生学会从命题人的角度把握命题规律,但是效果不佳。

3.重训练,轻思维

笔者以往会向学生反复强调训练的重要性,专题复习课惯用的学习活动就是题型训练。教师通常认为只要保证了训练量,学生就会熟能生巧,考试的效果自然不会差。

然而,这样的复习课活动设计无情境、无层次,学生的思维发展只停留在较低的层面,并未实现迁移创新。因此,这样的复习课是很低效、笨拙的,背离了高考评价的新要求。

二、指向学科素养发展的语法填空专题复习实践

在科学备考的探索中,笔者在指向学科素养发展的复习课设计方面做了一些尝试。下面,笔者就以一堂语法填空专题复习课为例和各位同人交流探讨。

这堂课的主题是“语法填空DIY”,本课的设计意图是从“学习掌握、实践探索、思维方法”三方面着手,引导学生通过自主命制一道试题,掌握高考英语语法填空的命题形式、命题规律、主要考点和变化趋势,从而为全面提高学生的应试能力、探索能力和解决问题的能力打下基础,发展其学科核心素养。

Step1:Leading-in(图片激趣,创设情景)

在这一环节中,笔者首先选用一张夏威夷的风景图片作为导入。一方面,高中生普遍对旅游、美景兴趣较高,进入情境较快;另一方面,2019 年高考英语全国卷Ⅲ的语法填空主题为“夏威夷珍珠城旅游”,图片讨论可以为第二环节的探索埋下伏笔。

图2 Pearl City,Hawaii

T(呈现图2):Have you ever been to Hawaii?

Ss:

T:It’s a very beautiful place and I really love it.

通过对夏威夷的简要讨论和介绍,可以让学生迅速“热身”,此时教师引入“正在夏威夷旅游的美国朋友Tom”,创设收到“tricky e-mail”的情境。

T:By the way,my American friend Tom is having a trip in Hawaii right now.Tom is a guy who likes challenging me with his friendly tricks.Yesterday I received an e-mail from him.But when I checked the e-mail,it’s like this.(呈现图3)

图3“Tricky e-mail”的内容是Tom 对夏威夷的介绍,但是缺失了6 个单词,形似一道简易的语法填空试题,为后面进入高考语法填空专题复习做好铺垫。

图3 Tricky e-mail

T:I am really confused.Can you help me figure it out?

“Tricky e-mail”的篇幅短小、句子简单,学生能快速“帮我”补全信息。补全的邮件如下图。

图4 The complete e-mail

T:Oh,I see.You are really good at it! How about helping me make a similar tricky e-mail that challenges him? Would you like to help me,please?

Ss:

T:But how can we do it? Em...Ha-ha,do you think this tricky e-mail looks like a grammar-filling test? If we know how to make a grammar-filling test,then it would be very easy for us to prepare a perfect tricky e-mail.Let’s get to know about grammar-filling test first.

通过朋友Tom 的“tricky e-mail”让学生从轻松的生活角度进入专题复习。以“帮助老师回复一封tricky e-mail”的情境引导学生研究、探索高考英语试题,有助于减轻学生的备考压力、缓解紧张氛围,提升复习效果。

Step 2:Get to know grammar-filling(问题激趣,引领探索)

这一环节分为三步。首先教师请学生阅读Student Handout Ⅰ。篇目一是2019 年高考英语全国卷Ⅲ语法填空试题的原文,加黑部分为原试题中的设空位置,文末标明了篇章词数。篇目二是原试题的完整呈现,未作改动。

Student Handout Ⅰ

Passage 1

On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.

We were first greeted with the barking by a pack of dogs,seven to be exact.They were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.For breakfast,we were able to eat papaya(木瓜)and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.

When they were free from work,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting competition to watch,together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On the last day of our week-long stay,we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.(177 words)

Passage 2

On our way to the house,it was raining ____61____ hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take ____62____ (get)there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.

We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ____63__dogs,seven to be exact.They were well trained by their masters ____64____ had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and____65_(recommend) wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.For breakfast,we were able to eat papaya(木瓜)and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.

When they were free from work,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ____66____ (compete) to watch,together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many ____67____ (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were ____68_(huge) popular with tourists.On the last day of our weeklong stay,we ____69____ (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,____70____ (listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.

第一步,阅读问答。学生快速浏览这两段材料,回答如下三个问题。问题的设计旨在引导学生从文章体裁、篇章长度、空格个数等基本形式上了解语法填空的命题特点。

学生作答完毕,教师再将2017~2020 年高考英语全国卷13 套试题中的语法填空的“形式”数据用PPT 展示出来(如下)。经过对上述3 个问题的思索,学生对数据的印象更加深刻,也能较快地从更大的样本量中找出规律。

第二步,考点连线。设置这一活动的目的是引导学生探索高考英语语法填空题所考查的语法知识点,以及题目的设空形式,把握命题规律。

首先,学生与同桌进行讨论,把每个空格的答案和相应的语法点进行连线匹配,完成对语法知识点的梳理。匹配完成后,教师再引导学生探索:给出提示词和未给出提示词的空格分别考查了哪些语法点?从而完成对各知识点设空规律的分类。

完成梳理之后,教师再用PPT 呈现2017~2020 年高考英语全国卷12 套试题中语法填空部分的各个知识点的考查次数(如下表),使学生对各语法知识点的考查频率有更直观的认识。

第三步,思考总结。学生分小组,以前面两步的探索和研讨为依据,梳理出语法填空试题的命题规律。组间交流后,教师和学生再一起对各小组分享的观点进行提炼,总结如下:

1.在一篇200 词左右的说明文或记叙文中留出10 个空,要求根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容。

2.其中给出提示词的空为7 个,要求用给出单词的正确形式填空,所填写单词不得超过三个;未给出提示词的空为3 个,每空限填一词。

3.给出提示词的空白处的考点主要包括动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致、形容词和副词的比较级或最高级,以及各类同源词的词性转换等。

4.无提示词的空白处主要考查连词(并列连词或从属连词)、冠词、代词、介词以及复合句、强调句、感叹句、倒装句、反意疑问句、省略句、定语从句的连接词等。

5.高频考点:词性转换、非谓语动词、动词的时态、连词、介词(搭配)、冠词、名词、代词、副词形容词比较级、助动词。

Step 3:Do It Yourself(任务激趣,学以致用)

经过前两个环节,学生对语法填空有了新的认知,具备了“帮助老师完成tricky e-mail”的知识基础,但是还未形成能够命制一篇完整的语法填空试题的能力。因此,本阶段的任务设计没有一步跳到命制整篇试题,而是先进行单句练习,教师及时引导学生把现有的知识运用于实践操作,既没有急功近利,又推进了学生的能力发展,符合能力发展的渐进性规律,为下一步完成整篇语法填空的命制搭建了支架。

第一步,单句练习。学生每6 人为一小组,每个小组成员从教师给朋友Tom 回复的完整邮件(见Student Handout Ⅱ)中挑出一个句子中的一个考点来设置一个空格(组内不能重复)。完成后先在组内进行交流互评。

Student Handout Ⅱ

Passage 3

I am glad to receive your e-mail.Hawaii is such a beautiful place that I can’t wait to travel there.

Two weeks ago,my class took a short trip to Nanquan,a nearby place famous for its hot spring and beautiful view.The weather that day was sunny and we arrived at Nanquan feeling happy and energetic.When we started climbing Mount Jianwen,the kids couldn’t hold back their excitement.Some chatted and shared snacks.Some took photos and sang songs.Others kept climbing all the time in order to be the first ones to reach the top.There were some birds flying and singing in the pine trees.It brought a sense of peace and quietness.Finally,reaching the top of the mountain,we were impressed by the beautiful view.The kids enjoyed themselves there.

It was 4 o’clock when we decided to go back.We had to give up going boating because it was too late,and some kids thought it was a great pity.On the whole,we had a good time.

第二步,交流分享。以语法知识点为单位,每个考查点找3 位来自不同小组的学生将他们的句子写在黑板上进行对比分析。这一步旨在让学生更直观地判断哪些空设得难、哪些空设得简单、哪些空设得更有意义,为下一环节完成一篇完整的语法填空练习铺设阶梯。如命制非谓语考点相关试题的学生分享了下面三个句子:

①Others kept climbing (climb) all the time in order to be the first ones to reach the top.

②There were some birds flying (fly) and singing in the pine trees.

③The weather that day was sunny and we arrived at Nanquan feeling (feel) happy and energetic.

在分享中也暴露出学生的一些问题,如交流代词考点时,有学生分享了句子“The weather that day was sunny and we arrived at Nanquan feeling happy and energetic.”。对于这样的问题,教师应及时点评和指导更正。学生通过运用、分享和评判,加深了对专题的认识,也锻炼了思维。

Step 4:Homework(情境再现,提升能力)

在上一步的应用实践活动中,组内每位成员都挑选了不同的句子和语法知识点进行单句操练,学生也在对比分析中学会了识别与真题相似度极高的句子,基本形成了命题能力。以此为基础,教师布置本堂课的课后作业:Combine the“good”blanks of your group members’ to make a complete tricky e-mail.You may also include some blanks of the other groups if necessary.

首先,课后作业再现了课堂导入时的情境,前后呼应,使整堂课形成一个完整的闭环。其次,作业设计引导学生在课后对课堂内容进行思考与回顾,最终完成一篇完整的语法填空试题的命制,实现了知识的迁移创新,有效地巩固了能力的发展,促进了思维的提升。部分学生的成果展示如下:

通过学生的作品可以看出,学生对于高考英语语法填空题的命题形式、命题规律和主要考点都有了全新的理解和较好的掌握,并能从命题人的角度仿制试题。在后期的练习中,学生对本专题的复习就会更有针对性,针对难点试题也会更有解答思路和方法。同时,学生在探索中发展的能力素质和思维方法也是高效复习备考的重要基石。

三、结语

本节课的内容紧扣学生学科核心素养的发展,教师在情境中设计了不同层次的学习活动,环环相扣,从学习掌握、实践探索和思维方法三方面锻炼了学生的学习能力,提升了学生的思维品质。总之,发展学科核心素养不应只停留在非毕业年级的课堂教学中,而是应贯穿复习课堂的各个环节,这样才能确保复习备考不偏离新高考的赛道,为学生的终身发展奠基。

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