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在高中英语学习阶段,“as”词性多、词义广、用法灵活。考生要想攻克这一难关,需要教师的精心引导。以下笔者结合近几年高考英语真题和高中英语人教版教材必修1~5和选修6~8,将其中的有关内容进行归纳,旨在抛砖引玉,力求举一反三。
“as” 作副词时(used when you are comparing two people or things,or two situations),表程度,意为“同样地”。其基本结构为:“as+adj./ adv.+as+...”,其否定式为“not as/so+adj./ adv.+as+...”,其中,第一个“as”是副词,第二个“as”是连词。
【真题举例】(2019 年全国卷Ⅱ,阅读理解B 篇,改编,语法填空)Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be _____________ exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.(key:as)
【分析】根据句意和句子结构可知,空格处考查形容词的原级比较结构:“as+adj.原级+as+...”,第一个“as”为副词,修饰形容词“exciting”;且比较对象一“Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids”和比较对象二“watching your own kid score a goal”结构一致,均为动名词短语。
【教材溯源】(必修一,P26)...another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan.
【分析】此句是主从复合句,主句为:“...another big quake shook Tangshan.”,“which”引导的限制性定语从句部分包含了形容词的原级比较结构:“...as strong as...”,意为“和……同样强烈”,第一个“as”为副词,修饰形容词“strong”,比较对象一“which”(指代先行词“another big quake”)和比较对象二“the first one ”(代指“the first quake”)的指代内容均为名词短语,形式一致。
“as”作介词时,主要涉及以下两种用法:
1.(used to describe sb./sth.appearing to be sb./sth.else)意为“如,像”。
【真题举例】(2019 年全国卷Ⅰ,完形填空,改编,语法填空)Mountains are regarded ___________ spiritual places by many cultures.(key:as)
【分析】句中含有一个动词短语“be regarded as...”(“被视为……”),其中“as”作介词,后接名词短语“spiritual places”充当其宾语。
【教材溯源】(必修四,P1)Joan of Arc was a girl from the countryside who dressed as a man...
【分析】句中含有一个动词短语“dress as...”(“装扮成……”),其中“as”是介词,名词短语“a man”充当其宾语。
类似地,“as”作介词时,常和动词搭配使用构成高考中常考的动词短语:be known as...(“作为……而为人知晓”,=be famous as...);be honored as...(“作为……而受人尊敬”);be remembered as...(“作为……而被铭记”);consider...as...(“认为;把……看作……”,=regard/treat...as...=look on...as...);describe...as...(“ 把…… 描述为……”);work as...(“担任……;以……身份工作”);act as...(“ 充 当……;担 任……”,=serve/function as...)。考生只要在平日的英语学习中注意积累这些含“as”的动词短语,在遇到类似题目时就不会无从下手。
2.(used to describe the fact that sb./sth.has a particular job or function)意为“充当,作为”。
【真题举例】(2018 年全国卷Ⅱ,短文改错,改编)Like a kid,I loved to watch cartoons...(key:将Like 改 为As)
【分析】全文的主题是:周五晚上是我们家的游戏活动时间,然而“我”喜欢看卡通片,对父母安排的益智游戏活动有些反感。“as”和“like”都可以作介词用,但侧重点不同,前者表示“充当,作为……”,后者强调“如同,像……”。“我”那时本身是个孩子,所以此处须用“as”,后接名词短语“a kid”充当其宾语,可以转换为“when”引导的时间状语从句(As a kid,...=When I was a kid,...)。
【教材溯源】(必修二,P18)First as a PC (personal computer) and then as a laptop,I have been used in offices and homes since the 1970s.
【分析】句中两个“as”均为介词,分别接名词短语“a PC”和“a laptop”作宾语。
“as”作连词时,常用来连接主句和状语从句。“as”引导的状语从句主要有以下几种:
1.引导时间状语从句,意为“当……的时候”,有“随着……”之意(=while/when),强调两个动作同时发生,或某事一发生,另一事立刻发生。
【真题举例】(2019 年全国卷Ⅱ,阅读理解C 篇)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself,quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad.
【分析】“as”引导时间状语从句,意为“一边……一边……;当……”。
【教材溯源】(选修八,P43)She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly...
【分析】“as”用法同上。
2.(used to state the reason for sth.)引导原因状语从句,意为“因为,由于”(=because/since)。
【真题举例】(2018 年全国卷Ⅰ,阅读理解D 篇)That’s bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
【分析】句中“as”引导原因状语从句。
【教材溯源】(必修五,P7)Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him...
【分析】句中“as”表原因。
3.引导方式状语从句,意为“像……,按照……方式”(=in the way that,in the way in which)。主要的句式有as if (as though);just as;just as...as...。
【真题举例】(2016 年全国卷Ⅰ,阅读理解D 篇)Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people,just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.
【分析】“just as”引导方式状语从句,意为“就像……”。
【教材溯源】(选修六,P2)They tried to paint people and nature as they really were.
【分析】“as”引导方式状语从句,意为“和……一样,如……”。
4.(used to say that in spite of sth.being true,what follows is also true )引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然,尽管”(=though)。常用倒装语序:“adj./adv./ n.单(前不加冠词)/v.(原形)+as+主+谓”。
【真题举例】(2019 年全国卷Ⅰ,阅读理解D 篇,改编,改错)Enviable although the cool kids may have seemed,Dr.Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences.(key: 将although 改为as 或though)
【分析】本题考查让步状语从句中的部分倒装“adj.+as/though+主+谓”。整个句子可以同义转化为:Although/Though/While the cool kids may have seemed enviable,Dr.Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences.
除了将从句中的形容词置于句首,还可将从句中的副词、名词(若是单数名词,则省略其前的冠词)和动词原形置于句首,转化为部分倒装。如:Fast as he ran,he didn’t catch the bus.(=Although/Though/While he ran fast,he didn’t catch the bus.);Child as he is,he knows a lot.(=Although/Though/While he is a child,he knows a lot.);Try as he might,Tom couldn’t get out of the difficulties.(=Although/Though/While he might try,Tom couldn’t get out of the difficulties.) 考生若将此句型用于书面表达中,亦能为自己的写作增分添彩。
5.引导比较状语从句,意为“像……一样……”,用于“as+adj./ adv.+as+...”,和“not as/so+adj./ adv.+as+...”结构中,其中,前一个“as”是副词,后一个“as”是连词。
【真题举例】(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ,阅读理解C 篇,改编,语法填空)...Waller is dance music as much __________ it is concert music...(key:as)
【分析】“Waller is dance music”和“it is concert music”均是完整的主系表结构,两个简单句用“as much___________”连接,表示比较,不难得出此处应填“as”,属于比较状语从句里面的知识点。
【教材溯源】(必修三,P31)When we get closer to the moon,we shall feel its gravity pulling us,but it will not be as strong a pull as the earth’s.
【分析】整个句子可以同义转化为“...,but the pull on the moon will not be as strong as that (=the pull) on the earth”。课本原句涉及句型结构“as+adj.+a +单数名词+as+...”(第二个“as”是连词),类似的结构还有“as+adj.+复数名词/不可数名词+as+...”,意为“在……方面和……一样”。如:You have made as many mistakes as I have.(你犯的错误和我犯的一样多。)He tries to earn as much money as he can.(他尽力挣更多的钱。)
“as”作关系代词时,主要涉及以下两种用法:
1.引导限制性定语从句,意为“像……一样的人(或物)”,“凡是……的人(或物)”,用在“such...as...”“the same...as.../the same as...”“so/as...as...”等结构中。
【真题举例】(2018 年全国卷Ⅰ,语法填空)...you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports...
【分析】逻辑上可以将定语从句部分补全为:as other sports give you,其中“as”代指先行词“benefits”,在定语从句中充当“give”的宾语。
【教材溯源】(必修一,P13)So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialect as people in the northwestern USA.
【分析】此句中,“as”后的定语从句部分为了避免和主句中的谓语动词“speak”重复而省略了谓语动词,将句子补全为:So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialect as people speak/do in the northwestern USA.此句中先行词“dialect”被“the same”修饰,“as”充当及物动词“speak/do”的宾语,且从句表达“像……”之意(同类事物)。在定语从句中,若从句表达“像……”之意,则约定俗成地用“as”引导定语从句。同样的规则适用于“such...as...”和“so/as...as...”结构。
2.引导非限制性定语从句,指代它前面的整个句子,意为“这一点;正如,正像”,可位于句首、句中和句末。
【真题举例】(2016 年全国卷Ⅲ,阅读理解D 篇)The more positive an article,the more likely it was to be shared,as Dr.Berger explains in his new book,Contagious:Why Things Catch On.
【分析】“as”引导非限制性定语从句,作及物动词“explains”的宾语。
【教材溯源】(必修四,P18)As Victor Hugo once said,“Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face”...
【分析】本句考查“as”作关系代词引导非限制性定语从句的用法,“As”在定语从句中充当及物动词“said”的宾语,指代引号部分的内容;也可将“As”引导的定语从句放于主句之后:“Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face”,as Victor Hugo once said.
若非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词是 be said,be (well)known,be expected,be reported,be announced,be pointed out,understand,see,happen 等时,不论是在句首、句中,还是在句末,都必须用“as”来引导,而不能用“which”“that”等其他词来引导。
以下例句为近几年高考真题中,涉及的含“as”的部分固定词组:
【例1】(2019 年全国卷Ⅰ,阅读理解D 篇)Those who were highest in status in high school,as well as those least liked in elementary school,are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
【点拨】“as well as”是并列连词词组,意为“和,同”。当其连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词应与前面的主语在数上保持一致,遵循就远原则,可以和短语“not only...but also...”进行替换,但后者遵循就近原则。
【例2】(2019 年全国卷Ⅱ,语法填空)Granddaughter Gayle Parks,31—who works alongside her in the family business—said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award.
【点拨】“as to”意为“关于,至于”,同义搭配有“as for”和“as regards”。
【例3】(2019 年全国卷Ⅲ,短文改错)I want my cafe to have a special theme such as “Tang Dynasty”.
【点拨】“such as”意为“例如,诸如”,用来引入同位语,举一例或数例说明前文的具体内容。
【例4】(2018 年全国卷Ⅲ,短文改错)“The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks,and mistakes as well.”
【点拨】“as well”意为“也,还”,常放于句尾。与“too”“also”同义。
【例5】(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ,语法填空,64)When fat and salt are removed from food,the food tastes as if it is missing something.
【点拨】“as if ”意为“仿佛,好像”,可引导表语从句和方式状语从句(本句中引导表语从句)。
【例6】(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ,语法填空,65) As a result,people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
【点拨】“as a result”意为“因此,所以”,后跟结果,同义表达有:“hence”“so”“therefore”“consequently”和“as a consequence”等。
此外,涉及“as”的固定词组还有“as follows”(如下,=in the following),“as a matter of fact”(事实上,=in fact),“so/as far as I know”(据我所知),“as usual”(照常),“as long as/so long as”(只要)等,考生只要在平日的学习中注意积累这些惯用搭配,就不会在考试中被难倒。
“as”用法多且细,下面的思维导图可有效帮助考生和教师归纳总结“as”的考点用法:
真题中对“as”的考查比比皆是,“as”实属高频小词。教育部考试中心制定的《中国高考评价体系》和《中国高考评价体系说明》由“一核”“四层”“四翼”组成,分别回答了为什么考、考什么和怎么考的问题,要求考生应掌握《普通高中英语课程标准(2017 年版2020 年修订)》中的英语语音、词汇、语法等相关项目,而“as”用法也在其列。高考英语注重基础性,这就要求考生在复习备考时要回归教材,因为教材是基础,是知识点的载体,知识点又以教材为背景,对教材内容进行归纳。
教材复习切忌照本宣科和机械重复,教师应尽力帮学生找到新旧知识间的联系点、学习的兴趣点和分数的增长点。针对“as”的教材复习,具体而言,可以拟定“as”专题,采取下列做法:1.学生可独立或小组合作找出各单元中含“as”的例句;2.教师将所有例句汇总打印发给学生;3.学生分组归纳整理“as”用法(可按照本文提出的副词、介词、连词、关系代词和固定搭配进行分类整理);4.各组代表展示,教师讲解点拨,引导学生识记并理解掌握;5.学生借助表格或思维导图梳理“as”的用法并识记。教师应让学生在其指导下通过类别、辨析、归纳等方法实现对“as”用法的重新认识和重塑记忆,达到构建知识网络的目的。
高考英语亦强调应用性:语法填空、短文改错直接或间接考查“as”的用法;听力、阅读理解、完形填空间接考查考生对“as”的理解;书面表达考查考生借助“as”连词造句的能力等。教师需结合真题对考生进行“as”相关用法的训练并辅以辨析相关易错点和易混点,从而达到对此类知识考点化、能力化的目的。
总之,“as”用法虽多,但考生只要在教师的指导下认真识记并掌握其基本用法和相关词组,再辅以练习,定能攻克“as”难关。