主谓一致考点归纳

2020-11-12 02:13孙玉忠
考试与评价·高一版 2020年4期
关键词:单数复数谓语

孙玉忠

主谓一致,顾名思义,就是指英语句子中的谓语动词在数、人称、时态等方面要和主语保持一致。这与汉语的思维方式有所不同,容易被同学们所忽视。下面本文对主谓一致的易考点进行归纳,希望能对同学们的学习有所帮助。

考点一、主谓一致三原则

主谓一致涉及三个基本原则,即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。

1. 语法一致:语法一致是指主语和谓语在单复数形式上的一致关系,主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;反之,谓语动词用复数形式。

2. 意义一致:意义一致是说谓语动词的单、复数要取决于主语所表达的概念,而不取决于表面上的语法标记。

(1) 主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数;

(2) 主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。

3. 就近原则:就近原则是指当主语由两个或两个以上名词或代词组成时,谓语动词的数要与它紧邻的名词或代词的数一致。当主语由either... or..., neither... nor..., not only... but also..., not... but... 等连接时,要遵循就近原则。

考点二、对谓语动词用单数情况的考查

1. 可数名词的单数及不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

2. “more than one+单数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数。

3. “many a+单数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数。

4. 以-s结尾的单数名词作主语时,谓语用单数,例如:news, works, physics, maths等以及书名、报纸以及国家的名称等的复数名词。

5. no / each / every / many a+单数名词+and+no / each / every / many a+单数名词作主语时,谓语用单数。

6. a kind of / a sort of / a type of / a series of +名词作主语时,谓语用单数。

7. 复合不定代词作主语时,谓语用单数。

8. each, either, neither, (a) little或much作主语或修饰主语时,谓语用单数。

9. 时间、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名词作主语时,谓语用单数。

10. 运算数词作主语时,谓语用单数。

11. 两个单数名词用and 连接表示一个概念或不可分的整体,作主语时,谓语用单数。

12. 主语从句、动词不定式、动词V-ing 形式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

13. a great / good deal of, the number of +可数名词,a large amount of +不可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

考点三、对谓语动词用复数情况的考查

1. 集合名词,如:people, police, cattle, crew, clothes, public等作主语时,谓语用复数。

2. 由两部分构成的物体的复数名词作主语时,谓语用复数。

3. 两个单数名词用both或both... and...连接两个人或物,作主语时,谓语用复数,但要注意前后两个名词前都有冠词。

4. “the+形容词 / 动词过去分词 / 动词V-ing 形式”可以表示一类人,当这一结构作主语时,谓语用复数形式。

5. 两个形容词共同修饰一个单数名词,若两个形容词前都带有冠词,作主语时,谓语用复数。

6. 有些特殊词(组),如:a number of +名词的复数;population的百分比等作主语时,谓语用复数。

考点四、对谓语动词就近原则的考查

1. 在下列短语连接两个并列成分作主语时,谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持一致:

either... or... , neither... nor..., not only... but also..., not... but...等。

2. There be 结构+并列短语,be的形式和与其最近的主语保持一致。

考点五、对谓语动词的单复数看情况而定和综合运用的考查

1. “主语+ 介词短语”结构,谓语动词的人称和数由主语决定,其结构如:主语+with / along with / as well as / besides / like / without / except / but / including / not+谓语。

2. 集合名词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。主要由句子的意思或上下文决定。

强调整体时谓语动词用单数;强调其中的一个成员时,谓语动词用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有:people, public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group等。

3. 不定代词all, more, most, some, any, none作主语时,谓语动词视情况而定。

4. part of / half of / majority of / percent of / one third of +名詞,作主语时,谓语动词要与of 后面的名词保持一致。

5. a lot of (lots of ) / plenty of / a large quantity of +名词,后面的名词是中心词,谓语动词根据短语动词后面的名词数而定。

6. a number of / a group of / a variety of + 名词,作主语时,谓语用复数;the number of / the group of / the variety of + 名词,作主语时,谓语用单数。

7. 有些名詞,单、复数同形,作主语时,其谓语动词由上、下文决定。这一类名词有:means, works (工厂), deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。

8. none, neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数,也可以用复数。

【跟踪精练】

I. 单句改错。

1. The number of visitors are very large this year.

2. Jane and Mary looks very alike from appearance.

3. The crowd was running for their lives.

4. The news are very exciting to every of us.

5. Either your students or Wang know this.

6. His family are large in our village.

7. The whole family was watching TV, when I knocked at the door.

8. The population in China are very large, but 80% of that are farmers.

9. Some sheep is over there.

10. The doctor?s are on the side of the street.

II. 用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空。

1. One evening she told me that something happened when her parents ____ (be) out.

2. There ____ (be) a table, several chairs in the old house.

3. The great writer and professor ____ (be) going to our school next week.

4. The scientist and the engineer ____ (have) invented a new machine.

5. Alice, together with her friends, ____ (be) punished for having broken the school rules.

6. Every girl and every boy ____ (have) the right to join the club.

7. —____ (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting?

—Neither she nor I ____ (be).

8. —Is there anybody in the classroom?

—No, the teacher as well as the students ____ (have) gone to the playground.

9. None of the money ____ (be) his.

10. A knife and fork ____ (be) on the table. A pen and a pencil ____ (be) on the desk.

III. 翻译下列句子。

1. 2017年3月香港政府给每个年满18岁的男女6000港元。

_________________________

2. 要么你错了,要么她错了。

_________________________

3. 他还有我都想去划船。

_________________________

4. 我们每人有一个录音机。

_________________________

5. 容许三周的必要准备时间。

_________________________

6. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。

_________________________

7. 他的大部分钱都花在书上了。

_________________________

8. 大多数学生正积极参加体育活动。

_________________________

9. 许多人都读过这本书。

_________________________

10. 百分之六十多的学生都来自城市。

_________________________

IV. 用括号内所给动词的正确形式完成下面的短文。

Why 1. ____(be) so many people including all kinds of age so afraid of failure? Quite simply because no one 2. ____ (tell) us how to fail so that failure becomes an experience that will lead to growth. We forget that failure 3. ____(be) part of the human condition and that every person 4. ____ (have) the right to fail.

The old work hard so that either they 5. ____ (be) preventing failure or their child

6.____ (follow) their example. One way 7. ____ (be) to lower standards. A child who is not invited to a birthday party, who 8. ____(do) not make the honor roll on the baseball team, feels terrible, of course. But parents should not offer a quick consolation (安慰), prize or say, “It doesn?t matter, because it does. The young should be allowed to experience disappointment—and be helped to master it.

Failure is never pleasurable. It 9. ____ (hurt) grown-ups and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one 10. ____ (be) to ask “Why did I fail?”

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