高诗奇 邓代华 杨静
摘要:成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF21)是一种参与糖脂代谢和胰岛素分泌调控的内分泌因子,主要在肝脏、脂肪、胰腺和肌肉组织中表达和分泌。近年来研究表明,FGF21具有心血管保护作用,可抑制动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展。FGF21不仅可以作为预测动脉粥样硬化的生物标志物,还可能作为治疗代谢性疾病及动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的潜在靶点。本文就FGF21及其抗动脉粥样硬化作用、生物标记物作用作一综述,以期为临床治疗提供参考。
关键词:成纤维细胞生长因子21;动脉粥样硬化;生物标志物
中图分类号:R543.5 文献标识码:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.19.009
文章编号:1006-1959(2020)19-0028-03
Abstract:Fibroblast growth factor (FGF21) is an endocrine factor involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin secretion. It is mainly expressed and secreted in liver, fat, pancreas and muscle tissues. Recent studies have shown that FGF21 has cardiovascular protective effects and can inhibit the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. FGF21 can be used not only as a biomarker for predicting atherosclerosis, but also as a potential target for the treatment of metabolic diseases and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. This article reviews FGF21 and its anti-atherosclerosis and biomarker effects in order to provide reference for clinical treatment.
Key words:Fibroblast growth factor 21;Atherosclerosis;Biomarker
動脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)是心血管疾病发生发展的重要病理生理基础,也是高血压、糖尿病、高尿酸血症等代谢性疾病导致的靶器官损害之一,其特点是在炎症、氧化应激等的作用下,动脉内膜过度纤维化、脂肪斑块形成、平滑肌细胞增殖[1-3]。在发生动脉粥样硬化之前,利用生物标志物识别高风险人群对于预测和预防动脉粥样硬化、降低心血管疾病发生率和改善预后具有重要意义。成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor 21,FGF21)是成纤维细胞生长因子超家族(fibroblast growth factors,FGFs)中的一员,是近些年被广泛研究的代谢调节因子,具有改善胰岛素抵抗、改善脂代谢、抗氧化应激、抗炎等作用[1-3]。研究表明[4,5],在亚临床及临床动脉粥样硬化患者血清中FGF21水平升高。另有研究表明[6-8],给予外源性FGF21对动脉粥样硬化有潜在治疗作用。本文主要从FGF21概述及其抗动脉粥样硬化作用、生物标记物作用进行综述。
1 FGF21概述
FGF21基因最早于2000年由Nishimura T等[9]从小鼠胚胎组织中克隆得到。FGF21属于FGF19亚家族,是一种多功能蛋白,主要由肝脏、脂肪组织、胰腺组织和肌肉组织分泌[9],在体内通过一种单通道跨膜蛋白βKlotho作为专性辅因子激活FGF受体(fibroblast growth factor receptor,FGFR)形成FGF21-βKlotho-FGFR复合体而发挥生物学效应。FGF21的表达主要受肝脏中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(peroxisome proliferators activated receptor α,PPARα)的调控和脂肪细胞中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ,PPARγ)的调控。研究发现[10,11],FGF21有改善胰岛素的敏感性、降低血糖、改善脂代谢等生理学作用。
2 FGF21的抗动脉粥样硬化作用
2.1对血管内皮细胞的保护作用 ox-LDL诱导的血管内皮细胞凋亡是动脉粥样硬化进展的重要步骤。Chen J等[12]研究发现,FGF21可以降低oxLDL诱导的线粒体动力相关蛋白(dynamin-related protein 1,Drp1)表达,抑制线粒体分裂,保护线粒体和细胞形态功能,减少ox-LDL诱导的血管内皮细胞(vascular endothelial cells,VECs)凋亡,进一步抑制动脉粥样硬化。Yan X等[13]研究表明,FGF21可以通过抑制Fas的表达来保护人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)的凋亡,在apoE-/-小鼠中可通过改善Fas介导的细胞凋亡来减轻动脉粥样硬化。另研究表明[14],FGF21可通过激活CaMKK2-AMPKα信号通路改善糖尿病诱导的内皮功能障碍小鼠的氧化应激,并且FGF21可与FGF受体结合对主动脉内皮细胞直接发挥作用,以减轻高糖对内皮细胞功能的损害。
2.2改善脂代谢 动脉内膜中过多脂质的积累是动脉粥样硬化发生和发展的重要原因之一[2],降低脂质谱,尤其是胆固醇,可以抑制动脉粥样硬化的发生发展。Dong J等[15]体内研究结果显示,对肥胖或超重2型糖尿病患者单次静脉注射长效FGF21类似物PF-05231023,可显著降低甘油三酯、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白水平,并使高密度脂蛋白水平升高。Talukdar S等[16]对肥胖猕猴连续静脉注射长效FGF21类似物PF-05231023,可显著降低体重体重,改善血浆脂蛋白谱并使脂联素水平升高。脂联素是体内由脂肪细胞分泌的一种重要的生物活性因子,可通过减轻氧化应激,减少血管细胞粘附分子1(VCAM-1)等粘附分子来抑制巨噬细胞浸润,从而发挥抗动脉粥样硬化作用。
胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白2(sterol regulatory elementbinding protein-2,SREBP2)是调节胆固醇生物合成的主要转录因子。Lin Z等[17]研究显示,apoE-/-小鼠注射FGF21后可通过激活FGFR2-βklotho受体复合物进而抑制SREBP-2表达,并降低apoE-/-小鼠肝脏中的总胆固醇。Li Q等[18]研究表明,苏木乙酸乙酯提取物(ethyl acetate extract of sappanwood,SEAE)可通过FGF21/SREBP-2信号通路降低动脉粥样硬化大鼠的总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白水平。自噬是一种高度保守的细胞应激反应,它通过减少泡沫细胞中脂滴降解来调节动脉粥样硬化。研究表明[19],FGF21增加了ApoE-/-小鼠斑块激活的蛋白激酶C受体1(activated kinase C receptor 1,RACK1)和自噬相关蛋白的表达,促进胆固醇外排,从而减少泡沫细胞中胆固醇的积累,进而改善高脂饮食ApoE-/-小鼠的动脉粥样硬化。总之,FGF21可通过改善脂质谱、调节脂代谢而发挥抗动脉粥样硬化作用。
2.3改善氧化应激及抗炎作用 炎症反应及氧化应激是动脉粥样硬化发生发展的重要环节。研究表明[20,21],FGF21是一种新型的氧化应激调节因子。核转录因子E2相关因子(nuclear transcription factor E2-related factor,Nrf2)是氧化应激的敏感调节因子,也与动脉粥样硬化进展相关。Jia H等[22]研究中发现,上调动脉粥样硬化大鼠FGF21可增加Nrf2-ARE信号转导相关蛋白的表达,提高抗氧化指标水平,降低内皮功能障碍水平,降低炎症指标,而下调FGF21可以逆转这些作用。表明FGF21可通过Nrf2-ARE信号通路降低动脉粥样硬化大鼠的炎症和氧化应激。Liu J等[23]给予暴露于缺氧条件下的大鼠服用FGF21,发现FGF21减轻了缺氧引起的平均肺动脉压、右心室肥厚和肺动脉平滑肌细胞(pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells,PASMCs)的过度增殖。南瑛等[24]研究表明,FGF21可以通过SIRT1/PGC1α通路改善棕榈酸酯诱导的线粒体活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)产生,改善细胞线粒体损伤及线粒体功能障碍,同时可减少肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)和白介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)等炎症细胞因子的释放,從而减轻炎症反应。总之,FGF21可以通过改善氧化应激、抗炎来实现抗动脉粥样硬化的作用。
3 FGF21的生物标记物作用
越来越多证据表明,FGF21水平在代谢疾病及动脉硬化性心血管疾病中多有升高,被认为是疾病早期诊断的潜在生物标志物。Wang X等[25]对68例冠心病患者进行了模拟组织-血管超声检查,并测定其循环FGF21的浓度,发现血清FGF21水平与斑块负荷呈显著正相关。另一项大规模研究表明[26],在5年的随访中,高水平的FGF21与2型糖尿病患者发生心血管事件的风险增加有关。Wu L等[27]研究表明,非酒精性脂肪肝合并亚临床动脉粥样硬化的患者中FGF21水平升高,基线FGF21水平是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的独立预测因子。Basurto L等[28]的研究对无心血管疾病史的绝经后女性单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP-1)和FGF21的血清浓度进行测定,并测定颈动脉内膜中层厚度(cIMT),结果发现MCP-1和FGF21水平与亚临床动脉粥样硬化严重程度(即cIMT)相关。另有研究发现[29],血清FGF21在合并有亚临床动脉粥样硬化的2型糖尿病患者中升高,logistic回归发现FGF21是亚临床动脉粥样硬化的独立预测因子。以上研究表明FGF21水平升高可以预测动脉粥样硬化及动脉粥样硬化相关疾病的发生、发展,可以作为早期发现亚临床动脉粥样硬化的潜在生物标志物。
4总结
FGF21通过其抗氧化、抗炎、降脂和诱导脂联素表达等作用,直接和间接地抑制了动脉粥样硬化的发生发展。但目前这些研究多在实验模型中进行,由于人与啮齿类动物动脉粥样硬化易感性存在差异,因此FGF21对人动脉粥样硬化的治疗作用仍需要更多研究。此外,还需要进一步的前瞻性研究来发现FGF21是否可以作为一种预测生物标志物来识别动脉粥样硬化相关疾病中未来发生动脉粥样硬化的高风险个体,或者FGF21治疗是否可以降低这些疾病中动脉粥样硬化发生的风险,是否可以起到真正的预防作用。
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收稿日期:2020-07-04;修回日期:2020-07-14
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