吴剑 高玉雪 杨鹏翔 郭向华
[摘要] 目的 调查北方汉族与蒙古族人群α-辅肌动蛋白3(ACTN3)基因R577X多态性频率分布特征。 方法 2019年9—11月选择在北京佑安医院参与健康体检的北方汉族人群85名和包头医学院蒙古族2019级预科班的健康体检人群58名作为研究对象。用高通量荧光实时定量聚合酶链式反应分析不同种族、性别ACTN3基因R577X多态性。 结果 3种基因型在不同组人群中均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。北方汉族基因型频率(RR)、等位基因频率(R)高于蒙古族人群,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。北方汉族、蒙古族人群不同性别ACTN3基因R577X基因型分布比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。北方汉族与蒙古族不同性别的不同基因型频率、等位基因频率比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 北方汉族与蒙古族人群ACTN3基因R577X基因型频率和等位基因频率差异与性别无关,与爆发力相关的RR基因型频率在北方汉族人群中较高,反映耐力的XX基因型频率在蒙古族人群中较高。
[关键字] α-辅肌动蛋白3;多态性;基因;北方汉族人群;蒙古族人群
[中图分类号] R394.112 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)09(a)-0038-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the frequency distribution characteristics of α-actinin 3 (ACTN3) gene R577X polymorphism in northern HanZú and MongguZú populations. Methods From September to November 2019, a total of 85 northern HanZú people who participated in the health checkup at Beijing You′an Hospital and a total of 58 health checkup population from the 2019 preparatory class of MongguZú in Baotou Medical College were selected as the research objects. High-throughput fluorescence real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the R577X polymorphism of ACTN3 gene of different races and genders. Results The three genotypes were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in different groups of people. The genotype frequency (RR) and allele frequency (R) of the northern HanZú population were higher than those of the MengguZú population, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of ACTN3 gene R577X genotypes between different genders of northern HanZú and MongguZú (P > 0.05). The differences in different genotype frequencies, and different allele frequencies were no statically signifrcant between the northern HanZú and the MongguZú in different genders (P > 0.05). Conclusion The differences in ACTN3 gene R577X genotype frequency and allele frequency between northern HanZú and MongguZú populations have nothing to do with gender. RR genotype frequency related to explosive power is higher in northern HanZú population, while XX genotype frequency reflecting endurance in MongguZú population is higher.
[Key words] α-actinin 3; Polymorphism; Gene; Northern HanZú population; MongguZú population
近年來,关于基因多态性与健康相关性研究已被大量报道,其中与运动相关基因有数十个,主要影响机体结构和功能的敏感性差异[1-4]。其中α-辅肌动蛋白3(α-actinin-3,ACTN3)基因被广泛关注,表达在骨骼肌快速糖酵解的Ⅱx纤维,ACTN3基因R577X多态性存在3种基因型,分别为RR型、RX型和XX型[5]。该基因多态性与有氧和无氧高度相关,影响肌肉纤维的结构和功能[6-7]。研究显示[10-11],577R等位基因与肌肉高速收缩呈正相关[8-9],而XX基因型与耐力密切相关。在我国ACTN3基因多态性研究对象主要集中于特殊人群,如运动员、军人等[12-15],北方汉族和蒙古族是否存在ACTN3基因多态性差异鲜见报道,而蒙古族在历史上属于北方游牧民族。因此,本研究旨在探索北方汉族和蒙古族人群因历史生活习性是否存在ACTN3基因多态性差异。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
2019年9—11月选择在北京佑安医院参与健康体检的北方汉族人群85名(男40名,女45名)和包头医学院蒙古族2019级预科班的健康体检人群58名(男28名,女30名)作为研究对象,年龄18~21岁。北方汉族人群其双亲均为汉族且本人与双亲均无游牧习性;蒙古族人群其双亲均为蒙古族且本人与双亲均有游牧习性,未经任何专业训练。研究方案经医院医学伦理学委员会批准,研究对象知情同意并签署知情同意书。
1.2 方法
采集清洁口腔唾液2 mL,加入2 mL核酸裂解保护液后转运到北京市肝病研究所利用唾液核酸提取试剂盒提取核酸(百泰克,货号:DP7001)。取唾液900 μL,加入400 μL缓冲液VB;加入20 μL蛋白酶K,涡旋10 s,65℃放置25 min,其间涡旋数次;加入400 μL结合液CB,充分混匀,70℃放置10 min,3000 r/min离心30 s;加200 μL无水乙醇,充分混匀,3000 r/min离心30 s;将所得溶液加入微量吸附柱中,12 000 r/min离心30 s,弃废液,加500 μL抑制物去除液IR,12 000 r/min离心30 s,弃废液;加700 μL漂洗液WB,12 000 r/min离心30 s,弃废液;加500 μL漂洗液WB,12 000 r/min离心30 s,弃废液。吸附柱室温放置数分钟;将其转入新的离心管中,滴加40 μL缓冲液EB,室温放置2~5 min,12 000 r/min离心2 min。
1.3 高通量健康基因检测
由富鲁达公司设计与人类健康相关基因单核苷酸多态性位点96个,探针192条,其中ACTN3探针引物见表1。检测设备为富鲁达的Biomark HD,具体操作:样品和探针引物混合液分别加到微流体动态芯片中,微流体动态芯片置于上样机,可自动将样品和探针引物混合液上样至反应仓中,将微流体动态芯片放置Biomark HD实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应系统中,进行聚合酶链式反应和收集数据;利用软件分析结果及进行基因型判定。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析。计数资料以例数或百分比表示,采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 北方漢族与蒙古族人群ACTN3基因多态性频率分布比较
北方汉族和蒙古族人群ACTN3基因频率符合遗传法则(χ2=0.198、0.052,P > 0.05)。北方汉族与蒙古族人群不同基因型频率、不同等位基因频率比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2。
2.2 不同性别ACTN3基因多态性频率分布比较
北方汉族人群不同性别ACTN3基因频率符合遗传法则(χ2=0.026、0.211,P > 0.05);蒙古族人群不同性别ACTN3基因R577X基因型分布比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2 = 0.103、0.000,P > 0.05)。北方汉族与蒙古族不同性别人群中,不同基因型频率、不同等位基因频率比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。
3 讨论
ACTN3是肌动蛋白的结合蛋白,ACTN3基因R577X多态性指一个未成熟的终止密码子造成16号外显子第1747位核苷酸存在C→T的转换,精氨酸密码子被取代,从而使携带纯合型X等位基因者ACTN3缺失,表现为较低的快肌纤维比率[5,16-20]。研究显示ACTN3 R577X与肌肉力量/爆发力相关,577R等位基因和爆发力、力量能力有显著的关联,而577X等位基因与耐力密切相关[8-10,21-22]。Yang等[10]发现澳大利亚优秀速度力量型运动员R等位基因频率显著高于X等位基因,而杰出耐力运动员XX基因型频率显著高于速度力量型运动员。Niemi等[23]在分析ACTN3基因R577X多态性的关联性中发现,速度运动员XX基因型频率低于耐力运动员。然而,近期在698名高加索运动员研究显示[24],ACTN3 XX基因型在竞技耐力跑比赛中所表现出的优势不显著。
由于ACTN3基因R577X多态性存在种族、地域、生活习性等多因素差异,不同种族或地域的人群在XX基因型的分布频率可能具有显著差异。研究发现伊朗人ACTN3基因R577X等位基因分布更接近高加索人,可能与古代人类从伊朗高原向欧洲迁徙路线相关[25]。在我国非运动员中ACTN3 R577X多态性的相关性研究目前鲜见报道。
本研究虽然样本数量相对少,但经Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验结果显示,仍可以作为北方汉族与蒙古族人群ACTN3基因R577X多态性频率分布的代表。北方汉族与蒙古族人群基因型及等位基因分布频率与性别无关,与运动爆发力相关的R577R频率在蒙古族中低于北方汉族人群。相反,反映运动耐力的X577X频率在蒙古族中高于北方汉族。北方汉族与蒙古族人群ACTN3基因多态性频率分布差异可能与蒙古族游牧习性相关,但是否与历史上游牧习性要求他们有更好的运动耐力有待于进一步大样本研究。
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(收稿日期:2020-06-04)