吴文华 张芷铭
【摘要】 目的:探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)联合病原学检测在学龄前儿童下呼吸道感染中的临床意义。方法:选择2018年7月-2019年11月笔者所在医院儿科收治的下呼吸道感染的学龄前儿童97例设为观察组,同时选取同期健康体检的学龄前儿童60例设为对照组。观察组患儿均进行病原学检测及血清PCT检测,对照组进行血清PCT检测。观察组以PCT及病原学检测结果为依据,给予患儿对应抗生素药物治疗。监测观察组病原学种类,比較两组PCT水平,以及观察组治疗前后PCT水平变化情况。比较PCT检测、病原学检测及联合检测的诊断阳性率。结果:97例下呼吸道感染患儿中,经病原菌检测确定为阳性49例,检测阳性率为50.52%,阴性48例,占49.48%,阳性中以细菌感染为主,分离出49株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌29株(59.18%),革兰阳性菌20株(40.82%)。观察组治疗前血清PCT水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);观察组治疗后PCT水平较治疗前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。血清PCT联合病原学检测的诊断阳性率(91.75%)明显高于PCT检测(81.44%)及病原学检测(50.52%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:采用病原学检测联合PCT检测有助于学龄前儿童下呼吸道感染的早期诊断及精准治疗。
【关键词】 血清降钙素原 学龄前儿童 病原学检测 下呼吸道感染
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2020.25.031 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1674-6805(2020)25-00-03
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the clinical significance of serum procalcitonin (PCT) combined with pathogen detection on lower respiratory tract infection in preschool children. Method: A total of 97 preschool children with lower respiratory tract infection admitted in the pediatrics department of our hospital from July 2018 to November 2019 were selected as the observation group. At the same time, 60 preschool children who underwent physical examination during the same period were selected as the control group. All the children in the observation group were detected for pathogen and serum PCT, and the control group was detected for serum PCT. The observation group was treated with corresponding antibiotics based on the results of PCT and pathogen detection. The pathogen types of the observation group were monitored, and the PCT levels of the two groups were compared, as well as the changes of PCT levels of the observation group before and after treatment. The diagnostic positive rates of PCT, pathogen and combined detection were compared. Result: Among the 97 cases of children with lower respiratory tract infection, 49 cases were confirmed as positive by pathogen detection, the positive rate was 50.52%, and 48 cases were negative, accounting for 49.48%. The positive cases were mainly bacterial infection, and 49 strains of bacteria were isolated, among which 29 strains (59.18%) were gram-negative and 20 strains (40.82%) were gram-positive. Before treatment, the serum PCT level of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). After treatment, the PCT level in the observation group was significantly decreased compared with that before treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The diagnostic positive rate of serum PCT combined with pathogen detection (91.75%) was significantly higher than that of PCT detection (81.44%) and pathogen detection (50.52%), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: The combination of pathogen detection and PCT detection is helpful for the early diagnosis and accurate treatment of lower respiratory tract infection in preschool children.
[Key words] Serum procalcitonin Preschool children Pathogen detection Lower respiratory tract infection
First-authors address: The Second Hospital of Huangshi, Huangshi 435000, China
學龄前儿童由于身体器官发育不成熟,抵抗力较差,儿童下呼吸道感染是儿科常见的呼吸系统感染性疾病[1],由病毒、细菌或者支原体等导致,季节特征不明显,病程长,易反复,对儿童身心发育影响较大[2]。早诊断、早治疗,预后才会较好,如何提升诊断率,才能有效地提升患儿的治愈率。血清降钙素原(PCT)是监测细菌感染的敏感指标,同时进行分离、培养病原菌,两者结合互相取长补短,才能有效制定个性化的治疗方案[3]。本研究旨在探讨运用血清PCT联合病原学检测在学龄前儿童下呼吸道感染中的诊断价值,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2018年7月-2019年11月笔者所在医院儿科收治的下呼吸道感染的学龄前儿童97例设为观察组。均经血或咽拭子分泌物培养确诊[4]。年龄3~6岁,初次诊断并未接受相关治疗。排除标准:(1)临床资料缺失;(2)器质性功能不全[5]。同时选取同期健康体检的学龄前儿童60例设为对照组。对照组男33例,女27例;平均年龄(3.65±0.82)岁。观察组男58例,女39例;平均年龄(3.48±0.67)岁。两组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),有可比性。患儿家属均签署知情同意书,本研究经伦理委员会审核批准。
1.2 方法
观察组患儿均进行病原学检测及PCT检测,对照组患儿进行PCT检测。
(1)病原学检测:采集前给予生理盐水清洁口腔,利用负压吸引器吸取咽部以下的痰液。涂片后用革兰染色镜检,镜下白细胞多于25个、鳞状上皮细胞少于10个为合格标本,不合格的标本重新收集。将培养基置5% CO2培养箱内35 ℃培养16~18 h后进行细菌鉴定。采用西班牙VIECEIL呼吸道感染病原体IgM九联试剂盒,检测9种IgM抗体,包括肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒、甲型流感病毒、Q热立克次体、乙型流感病毒、副流感病毒、军团菌IgM抗体。(2)PCT检测:入院当天空腹采集3 ml静脉血,分离血清,免疫荧光法检测PCT。PCT≥0.05 ng/ml即为阳性[6-7]。(3)观察组以PCT及病原学检测结果为依据,给予患儿对应抗生素药物治疗。
1.3 观察指标及评价标准
监测观察组病原学种类。比较两组PCT水平,以及观察组治疗前后PCT水平变化情况。比较PCT检测、病原学检测及联合检测的诊断阳性率。PCT联合病原学检测的诊断标准:联合诊断阳性为有阳性病原学检测,或者PCT≥0.05 ng/ml。
1.4 统计学处理
本研究数据采用SPSS 21.0统计学软件进行分析和处理,计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,采用字2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 病原学检测
97例下呼吸道感染患儿中,经病原菌检测确定为阳性49例,检测阳性率为50.52%,阴性48例,占49.48%,阳性中以细菌感染为主,分离出49株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌29株(59.18%),革兰阳性菌20株(40.82%),见表1。
2.2 两组血清PCT水平比较
观察组治疗前血清PCT水平(5.98±1.37)ng/ml,明显高于对照组的(0.03±0.01)ng/ml,差异有统计学意义(t=32.43,P<0.01);观察组治疗后血清PCT水平(3.08±1.13)ng/ml,明显低于治疗前的(5.98±1.37)ng/ml,差异有统计学意义(t=16.12,P<0.01)。
2.3 观察组血清PCT检测、病原菌检测诊断阳性率比较
血清PCT联合病原学检测的诊断阳性率(91.75%)明显高于PCT检测(81.44%)及病原学检测(50.52%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),见表2。
3 讨论
学龄前儿童由于自我意识不清晰,表达不够准确,发生下呼吸道感染后容易出现病情进展,发生严重的并发症。下呼吸道感染病原体主要有细菌、病毒、支原体等[8]。临床诊断主要依据监护人表述、体格检查及辅助检查完成,辅助检查主要包括:血常规、痰液培养、血清C反应蛋白(CRP),但是这些检测敏感性及特异性较低,耗时长[9]。如:痰培养至少需要48 h以上,不能排除标本污染需要反复取材可能[10]。因此,制定及时、有效的诊断方案对患儿的治疗及预后至关重要。
目前下呼吸道感染病原体主要以细菌为主,而病原菌培养可准确判断致病细菌,并可依据药敏结果制定精准治疗方案,但是培养耗时较长。本研究发现,97例下呼吸道感染患儿中,经病原菌检测确定为阳性49例,检测阳性率为50.52%,阴性48例,占49.48%,阳性中以细菌感染为主,分离出49株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌29株(59.18%),革兰阳性菌20株(40.82%)。
PCT是一种由人体甲状腺细胞产生,116个氨基酸组成的新型炎症因子,分子量大约为13 kU的糖蛋白[11]。在正常人体内PCT水平很低,通常只有0.02 ng/ml,细菌感染发生后PCT的浓度会急剧升高,甚至升高至1 000倍,且在人体内长期存在,不易代谢,易于检测[12]。随着病原菌杀灭,PCT水平随之下降,因此该指标既可以作为诊断指标,也可以作为疗效评价及预后预测指标。本研究显示,观察组治疗前血清PCT水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);观察组治疗后血清PCT水平较治疗前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。由此说明,观察组以PCT及呼吸道病原体检测结果为依据,给予患儿对应抗生素药物治疗后,可以及时、有效地控制感染,PCT水平显著下降。
同时,本研究显示PCT联合病原学检测的诊断阳性率(91.75%)明显高于PCT检测(81.44%)及病原学检测(50.52%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。因此,与单一检测方式比较,病原菌联合PCT检测的阳性率显著提高。
综上所述,病原学检测能准确检测及诊断致病菌及药敏结果;而PCT检测能够有效弥补病原学检测耗时长的缺点;采用病原学检测联合PCT检测有助于学龄前儿童下呼吸道感染的早期诊断及精准治疗。
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(收稿日期:2020-03-23) (本文编辑:桑茹南)