高小丽
1. ought to的用法
(1) 表示责任和义务,意为“应该”,与should同义。
You ought to be more careful when you do some shopping on the Internet. 在网上购物时,你应该更小心些。
ought to的否定形式为ought not to / oughtnt to,一般疑问形式是将ought提至句首,其否定答语通常用dont have to或neednt。
You ought not to make this kind of mistake again. 你不应该再犯这种错误了。
—Ought he to see the doctor? 他该去看医生吗?
—Yes, he ought (to). / No, he doesnt have to / neednt. 是的,他该去。/不,他不必去。
(2) 表示可能性,一般指较大的可能性,意为“按道理应该”。
If he started at six, he ought to be here now. 要是他六点就出发的话,这会儿该到这里了。
2. have to的用法
have to意为“不得不”,有时态、人称和数的变化,其否定形式和疑问形式需要借助于助动词do。
It was raining outside; we had to stay at home. 下雨了,我们不得不待在家里。
【拓展】 have to & must
(1) 两者都可意为“必须,应该”,但 have to 表示客观的需要,而 must 表示说话人主观上的看法,即主观上的必要。
(2) have to有人称、数和时态的变化,而 must 只有一种形式。
He had to look after his sister yesterday. 昨天他必须照顾他的妹妹。
My sister is ill; my mother has to look after her. 我妹妹生病了,妈妈不得不照顾她。
We must help each other. 我们必须互相帮助。
(3) 在否定结构中,dont have to表示“不必”;mustnt表示“禁止,不许”。
You dont have to tell him about it. 你不必把此事告诉他。
(4) 在回答must 的一般疑问句时,肯定式常用must,表示“必须”;否定式常用need not / neednt或dont have to,表示“不必”。
3. need的用法
(1) need既可以作实义动词,也可以作情态动词。作情态动词时,后跟动词原形,表示“需要,有必要”,无人称和数的变化,多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。
You neednt go there now. 你现在不必去那儿。
Need I go there now? 我现在需要去那儿吗?
由need引导的一般疑问句的肯定回答常用must或have to;否定回答常用neednt或dont have to。
—Need I hand in my paper now? 我现在需要上交论文吗?
—Yes, you must / have to. / No, you neednt / dont have to. 是的,你必须。/不,你不需要。
(2) need作为实义动词,同其他实义动词一样,可用于各种句式,有时态、人称、数的变化,构成否定句和疑问句时要借助于助动词do。
You need to be careful. 你得小心些。
You dont need to be so worried. 你不必如此担心。
当need作实义动词“需要”讲时,其后跟不定式的被动形式相当于跟V-ing的主动形式,在这一点上,与want和require作“需要”讲时一样。
The house needs / wants / requires repairing / to be repaired. 这所房子需要修理。
4. dare的用法
(1) dare既可以作实义动词,也可以作情态动词。作情态动词时多用于疑问句、否定句、条件状语从句以及表示怀疑的名词性从句中,过去式为dared,表示“敢……”。
I dare not walk through the wood at night. 夜间我不敢在小树林里走。
(2) dare作实义动词时,在否定句中不定式符号to也可以省略。
The children dont dare (to) make a sound while their parents are sleeping. 孩子們在父母睡觉时不敢弄出一点声音。
5. 情态动词+have done结构的用法
(1) must have done表示对过去发生的事情所作出的合理或很有把握的推测,意为“想必/准是/一定……”,只用于肯定句中,在否定句或疑问句中通常被can / cant+have done代替。
From what you said, she must have told you all about it. 从你所说的来看,她一定把一切都告诉你了。
(2) can have done一般用于疑问句和否定句中,用于表示对过去所发生事情的推测。could have done用于肯定句时,表示“可能已经做过某事”或“本有能力做某事而未做”。
Mr Smith cant have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 史密斯先生不可能去北京了,我刚才还在图书馆看见他了。
(3) should / ought to have done表示“过去本应该做某事而(实际上)没有做”,含有责备或遗憾的语气;其否定形式表示“某种行为不该发生却发生了”。
You should have done more exercise before. 以前你应该多进行锻炼的。
(4) need have done表示“本需要做而实际未做”;neednt have done表示“本不必做某事而实际做了”。
As it turned out to be a small house party, we neednt have dressed up so formally. 最后证实那是一个小型的家庭聚会,我们本来没必要盛装打扮的。
(5) may / might have done表示对过去发生的事情的推测,意思是“也许已经做了某事,可能已经做了某事”,多用在肯定句中,用might时表示语气更加不肯定。
You might have read about it in the papers. 你可能已经在报上看过这个消息了。
【练一练】
I. 用适当的情态动词填空。
1. You _______ keep a simple first aid box at home for any accidents.
2. There being no bus that night, we _______ go home on foot.
3. —Mr Wang, I will go and fetch four chairs for the meeting.
—You _______ fetch four; two will do.
4. —Im sorry. I _______ have shouted at you the other day.
—Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.
5. You _______ have told me the news. I have already known it.
II. 根据汉语意思完成句子,每空一词。
1. 你不该责备他。
You _______ _______ _______ him.
2. 他没有钱,只好放弃这个计划。
He has no money, so he _______ _______ give up this plan.
3. 你千万不能告诉他这个秘密。
You _______ _______ him the secret.
4. 这里相当暖和,我们还没有必要打开暖气。
Its quite warm here; we _______ _______ the heating on yet.
5. 你怎么敢那样说?
How _______ you _______ that?
6. 她不敢在晚上出去。
She _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ at night.
7. 我玩得再开心不过了——这是完美的一天。
I _______ _______ _______ myself more—it was a perfect day.
8. 他们本应该在午饭时间就到达的,但是他们的航班被耽搁了。
They _______ _______ _______ _______ at lunchtime, but their flight was delayed.
9. 馬克本来不必那么匆忙的。这么高速驾驶之后,他早半个小时到达了。
Mark _______ _______ _______. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
10. 他看上去很高兴,一定是通过了考试。
He looks so happy, so he _______ _______ _______ _______ _______.