张浩怡 张鹤鸣
[摘要]目前,抑郁症已成为全球不可忽视的一类严重危害人类身心健康的精神类疾病。临床上常用的抗抑郁药多由化学合成,普遍存在副作用大、起效缓慢、疗效差等问题。传统中药在治疗抑郁症等精神类疾病上具有独特的治疗经验,因此为开发寻找具有疗效好、副作用小的抗抑郁药提供了可能。本文基于近期不同的抗抑郁中药研究,重点关注临床及动物实验中抗抑郁中药的作用机理,针对单味及复方中药的抗抑郁机理进行梳理概括,为中药在抑郁症临床治疗及基础研究提供一定的参考依据。
[关键词]抑郁症;中药;机制;抗抑郁
[中图分类号] R277.7 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2020)6(c)-0025-05
Research progress of Chinese medicine treating depression
ZHANG Hao-yi ZHANG He-ming▲
Institute of Brain Science and Rehabilitation Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510000, China
[Abstract] At present, depression has become a kind of mental illness that can not be ignored, which seriously endangers human physical and mental health. Antidepressant has been widely used in the clinic which are mostly chemically synthesized, with disadvantages of large side effects, slow onset, and poor efficacy. Traditional Chinese medicine has unique experience in treating depression and other psychiatric diseases, so it is possible to develop antidepressants with good efficacy and small side effects. Based on recent researches on different antidepressant Chinese medicine, this paper focuses on the mechanism of antidepressant Chinese medicine both in clinical and animal experiments, summarizes the antidepressant mechanism of single and compound Chinese medicine, so as to provide the necessary theoretical basis for Chinese medicine in clinical treatment and basic research.
[Key words] Depression; Chinese medicine; Mechanism; Antidepressant
抑郁症是一类严重危害人类身心健康的精神类疾病,其临床表现以情绪低落为主要特征,首先表现出心情低落、快感缺失到后期的痛不欲生、悲痛欲绝、甚至最后发展到绝望厌世,出现自杀倾向或行为。据世界卫生组织预测到2020年抑郁症将成为世界上第二大的疾病[1]。临床上开发的多种抗抑郁药物大多治疗效果不理想且普通存在治疗周期长、副作用大、药物依赖性强等不足。因此寻找和开发具有高效、副作用小的抗抑郁藥物成为抑郁症治疗的关键。中医药在抑郁症上有独特的治疗优势,主要表现在中药治疗抑郁症方面有丰富的经验及大量的临床研究,同时获得了一定独特的疗效及降低了药物的副作用,如减轻患者对于药物依赖性。目前中药在抑郁症治疗多从单味中药及活性成分或者古代经典方及加减入手[2]。本文基于近期不同的抗抑郁中药研究,重点关注临床及动物实验中抗抑郁中药的作用机理,针对于单味及复方中药的抗抑郁机理进行梳理概括,为中药在抑郁症临床治疗及基础研究中提供一定的参考依据。
1单味中药及活性成分
1.1理气药
1.1.1柴胡 柴胡在临床上常用于治疗难治性抑郁症,其有效成分为柴胡皂苷,无明显不良反应,并且具有口服易吸收等特点。现代药理研究已证实柴胡总皂苷可以缩短小鼠悬尾和强迫游泳的不动时间,揭示柴胡总皂苷具有抗抑郁作用。进一步研究发现柴胡总皂苷抗抑郁作用可能与其增加小鼠海马突触蛋白表达,诱导激活AMPA受体和随后的mTOR信号通路有关[3]。柴胡皂苷A是柴胡的主要成分之一,其给药能够增加CUMS大鼠蔗糖偏好,降低新颖性抑制喂养试验的摄食潜伏期,缩短强迫游泳试验的不动时间;对于CUMS大鼠HPA轴和神经炎症有调节作用,促进海马BDNF-TrkB信号传递。这些结果提示柴胡皂苷A对大鼠具有抗抑郁作用,其作用可能与海马神经内分泌、神经炎症和神经营养系统的恢复有关[4]。柴胡皂苷-D是柴胡另外一种主要成分,可以缓解CUMS大鼠的抑郁样行为,其机理涉及到调节海马LPA1/RhoA/ROCK2信号通路,抑制神经元凋亡[5]或通过调整HPA轴功能与增加海马神经发生及神经营养功能[6]有关。
1.1.2枳壳 现代研究发现枳壳的水提物能够显著缩短小鼠在强迫游泳和悬吊实验中的不动时间,体外实验进一步验证了枳壳水提物及其四种主要成分如橙皮苷等对皮质酮诱导PC12细胞神经毒性具有保护作用,这些结果提示枳壳水提物具有一定的抗抑郁作用[7]。橙皮苷是枳壳的有效成分之一,现代药理学研究发现橙皮苷能够调节体内和体外HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB信号通路和BDNF/TrkB通路來降低炎症细胞因子水平起到神经保护作用,从而改善CUMS小鼠的抑郁样行为[8]。
1.1.3香附 王君明等[9]证实香附活性醇提取物具有抗抑郁作用,能够缩短小鼠悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验中的不动时间。在“行为绝望”动物模型,有研究发现香附醇提物乙酸乙酯萃取部位和正丁醇萃取部位能够显著缩短小鼠强迫游泳和悬尾实验的不动时间,增加大脑单胺类神经递质5-羟色胺(5-HT)和多巴胺(DA)的含量,提示香附醇提物具有改善小鼠抑郁样行为的作用[10]。香附抗抑郁的网络药理学研究中发现,香附的抗抑郁作用主要通过参与黏着斑信号通路、神经营养因子信号通路、促性腺激素释放信号通路来改善神经元生长发育,减少神经元损伤和调控中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、ErbB和趋化因子等信号转导通路参与炎性反应及免疫反应调节从而发挥抗抑郁效应[11]。
1.2补益药
1.2.1人参 现代研究发现人参的多种成分均具有一定的抗抑郁效果。有报道称人参总皂甙可以通过激活海马GSK-3β-CREB信号通路和改变可塑性蛋白的含量来改善皮质酮诱导小鼠的抑郁样症状[12]。Wang等[13-15]研究发现,人参皂苷Rb1在CUMS模型老鼠的抗抑郁效果可能与海马CA3和前额叶皮质中单胺类受体[5-HT能、去甲肾上腺素(NE)能和多巴胺能]和氨基酸能受体[谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)能]有关,另外还与海马和前额叶皮质的BDNF-TrkB-CREB信号通路的激活有关。人参皂苷Rg1是人参抗抑郁作用研究较多的一种成分之一,其抗抑郁机制涉及到多个脑区,包括海马、前额叶皮质、杏仁核等脑区,与HPA轴、HPG轴、神经发生、神经可塑性、单胺类神经递质(5-HT、NE等),神经营养等多个环节有关[16-20]。此外,Rh2、R-PHQ和S-PHQ等人参成分也表现出抗抑郁作用,其机理与BDNF/TrkB和Sirt1/NF-κB信号通路有关[21]。
1.2.2红景天 在对重度抑郁症患者临床治疗上,红景天尽管在疗效上不如舍曲林,但其比舍曲林的副作用少,耐受性强,表明红景天有益于轻中度抑郁症的治疗[22]。动物实验研究发现,红景天的主要成分红景天苷可以降低嗅球切除大鼠的前额叶皮层中的白介素-1β(IL-1β)和白介素-6(IL-6)水平,抑制NF-κB的激活,恢复额叶前皮质异常的单胺类系统,从而发挥抗抑郁作用[23]。此外有研究发现红景天苷不仅可减少海马肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和IL-1β水平,增加海马糖皮质激素受体(GR)和脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)的表达,还能减少下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)的表达,显著降低血清中皮质酮水平[24]。
1.2.3巴戟天 现代临床研究已证实巴戟天寡糖胶囊能有效缓解轻、中度抑郁症的临床病情。刘志慧[25]在关于巴戟天寡糖胶囊治疗肾阳亏虚型轻中度抑郁症的临床研究中,对97例肾阳亏虚型轻中度抑郁症患者采用巴戟天寡糖胶囊治疗,证实了巴戟天寡糖胶囊对于抑郁患者治疗的安全性和有效性。在动物实验中,巴戟天的有效成分巴戟天寡糖能够逆转CUMS大鼠的糖水偏好度下降和强迫不动时间的延长等抑郁样行为,进一步研究发现其抗抑郁作用机制可能是通过调节大鼠内侧前额叶皮层的BDNF-GSK-3β-β-catenin通路来提高大鼠抗压能力[26]。
1.3其他药物
临床上发现不仅理气药和补益药有一定的抗抑郁作用,在其他类药物上也陆续发现了抗抑郁作用。如贯叶金丝桃与选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)抗抑郁药物相比,贯叶金丝桃在治疗轻中度的抑郁症患者上,表现出更好的疗效,具有更高的安全性[27]。解表药中有关紫苏的药理研究发现紫苏挥发油能够改善CUMS小鼠的抑郁样行为,可能与其增加5-HT及代谢产物5-HTAA的浓度,降低IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的水平有关[28]。远志作为养心安神药的一种,发现远志的水提物可以通过调节抑郁症关键脑回路中谷氨酸能突触来发挥快速抗抑郁作用[29]。平肝熄风中的天麻被报道具有一定的抗抑郁作用,其抗抑郁主要是通过5-HT及DA等单胺神经递质[30]和神经营养进行调节[31]。活血化瘀药川芎的有效成分川芎嗪药理研究发现其可改善小鼠的抑郁样行为,恢复慢性社会失败应激CSDS诱导的BDNF信号通路的减少和海马神经发生[26]。
2中药复方治疗抑郁症
由于单味中药在临床上治疗抑郁症中表现出的疗效不明显,用药量大,同时还存在药物本身的不良反应等诸多因素,因此在临床上使用单味中药治疗疾病的运用案例较少,多用中药复方治疗抑郁症。一方面中药复方能很好地体现中医的整体观和辨证论治的思想;另外一方面中药复方用药量少且能够兼顾一些次要症状,更好地发挥中药的治疗特色。
2.1中药复方
2.1.1四逆散 临床上发现四逆散联合米氮平片治疗抑郁症效果显著,安全性高[32]。现代药理研究证实了四逆散具有抗抑郁效果。周静洋等[33]观察到四逆散给药能缩短抑郁模型小鼠在强迫游泳实验中的不动时间和降低γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)在血清中的含量,阻断炎性因子诱导双加氧酶(IDO)激活途径,降低IDO的含量及活性,进而调节TRP-KYN代谢产生抗抑郁效果。在研究四逆散对早年应激大鼠的抗抑郁影响中发现四逆散干预能够缓解母婴分离应激所致大鼠的体重增长降低,糖水偏爱率下降,以及强迫游泳中不动时间延长的抑郁样行为;同时证实四逆散给药能通过5-HT1A受体CREB/BDNF途径改善母婴分离诱导大鼠的抑郁样行为[34]。
2.1.2柴胡疏肝散 柴胡疏肝散具有疏肝解郁、行氣止痛之功效,为疏肝理气代表名方。在关于柴胡疏肝散治疗抑郁症临床效果的Meta分析中发现单独使用该方治疗抑郁症效果明显优于抗抑郁药,验证了该方在治疗抑郁症上的有效性和安全性[35]。药理学研究中发现其能够抑制抑郁模型大鼠海马中c-Jun氨基端激酶(JNK)的表达,改善大鼠的抑郁样症状[36]。除此之外,其抗抑郁机制可能涉及到能量代谢、色氨酸代谢以及肝脏解毒功能[37],近期有报道称柴胡疏肝散能够下调海马中miR-124的表达和释放MAPK14和Gria3信号通路,促进海马突触的形成从而改善CUMS大鼠的抑郁样行为[38]。
2.1.3逍遥散 逍遥散在临床及动物研究中均已证实了其具有明显的抗抑郁效果。在动物研究中发现逍遥散在多个脑区及多个作用环节中起到抗抑郁作用。有研究团队发现逍遥散可通过调节CUMS小鼠下丘脑apelin-apj系统发挥其抗抑郁效果[39]。逍遥散在慢性束缚应激大鼠产生的抗抑郁作用可能与海马中色氨酸代谢通路的改变有关[40]。有研究发现改良版逍遥散能够通过改善海马神经发生和纠正慢性应激诱导小鼠的BOLD-fMRI信号,发挥抗抑郁作用[41]。
2.1.4开心散 药理研究表明,开心散给药能够通过增加应激小鼠脑内的肾上腺素、DA、5-HT的含量调节中枢单胺类神经递质系统[42],同时也能作用于海马神经营养因子系统[43]来减轻应激大鼠的抑郁症状。另外在突触方面,开心散能够上调应激大鼠海马突触蛋白的表达,促进海马突触传递发挥抗抑郁作用[44]。值得注意的是,开心散还能够克服抗抑郁西药耐药性副作用等问题。有报道称开心散能降低氟西汀耐药性抑郁大鼠海马中TNF-α水平和血清中白介素-2(IL-2)和TNF-α水平,同时增加海马和血清中IFN-γ和白介素-10(IL-10)水平,提示开心散能够调节多种炎症途径改善氟西汀耐药性抑郁大鼠的行为[45]。
2.1.5甘麦大枣汤 临床上发现采用甘麦大枣汤治疗脑卒中后抑郁症具有较好的临床效果,不良反应少[46]。在关于甘麦大枣汤对抑郁症治疗安全性和有效性的Meta分析中发现甘麦大枣汤本身具有抗抑郁效果,联合抗抑郁药可进一步减少抗抑郁药的副作用,提高疗效[47]。在动物实验上,使用甘麦大枣汤不仅能降低强迫游泳大鼠脑内3,4-二羟基苯乙酸(DOPAC)和DOPAC/DA比例,还可以提高5-HT和DA的浓度,进而调节单胺类神经递质系统发挥抗抑郁效果[48]。
2.2其他复方
除上述提到的复方外,其他中药复方中也发现了抗抑郁作用。如左金丸乙醇提取物能够显著提高小鼠海马纹状体中NE、5-HT的含量以及纹状体中DA的含量,进一步调节单胺类神经递质系统缓解抑郁模型小鼠不动时间延长的抑郁样行为,发挥抗抑郁效果[49]。在越鞠丸对应激小鼠长期抗抑郁研究中,Xue等[50]证实了越鞠丸具有长期抗抑郁效果,发现其抗抑郁作用可能与海马中的PKA-CREB-BDNF信号通路激活有关。
3小结与展望
无论是单味药还是复方药,其抗抑郁的机理均涉及到多个环节,包括单胺类神经递质系统、神经炎症、神经可塑性以及神经营养等方面,其中以单胺类神经递质的研究最为常见,尤其是5-HT系统。抗抑郁药的作用部位主要是海马、皮质、杏仁核、中缝背核、下丘脑等脑区和血液。其中大多数抗抑郁中药均可在海马和皮质两个脑区起作用。提示无论是单味中药还是复方中药都是通过多环节、多部位、多靶点效应来发挥其抗抑郁作用。
综上所述,中药对于抑郁症治疗有良好的效果,可选择的药物种类繁多,并且对药物的依赖性较低,不良反应少,同时在现代医学也得到认可。但也存在一些问题,如中医对于抑郁症的临床诊断缺乏统一的标准,中药复方成分复杂,对于抗抑郁的具体机理尚不明确。同时一些中药的抗抑郁效果仅在动物实验进行过验证,缺乏一定的临床研究基础。尽管中药在抗抑郁研究中仍存在一定的不足,但其在抑郁症治疗中仍具有广阔的前景。临床需要进一步加大对抗抑郁药物有效成分及复方的探索,使中医药充分发挥其在抑郁症方面的作用,更好地服务于抑郁症的患者。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-28 本文編辑:任秀兰)
[作者简介]张浩怡(1996-),女,华南师范大学脑科学与康复医学研究院2019级在读硕士研究生,专业:微生物与生化药学,研究方向:药物应用
通讯作者:张鹤鸣,男,教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:中药及新药研究开发、生物医学光子学