周旋
由于汉语中并没有时态的变化,因此很多学生在学习英语时态时常感到棘手,难以掌握。本文中归纳了各时态的一般规则和用法,注重对一般概念和特定句型的学习。
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。 英语动词有16种时态, 但常用的只有9种:
1. 一般现在时的用法:
(1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。句中常用every..., sometimes, often, on Sunday等时间状语。如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
(2) 客观真理、客观存在、科学事实、格言或警句。
The earth moves around the sun.
一般现在时的特殊用法:
(1) 某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be, go, come, start, depart, arrive, begin, leave等。如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
(2) 在时间或条件句中,用一般现在时表示将来。如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
(3) 在动词hope, make sure that等后,表示将来。如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
2. 一般过去时的用法:
(1) 一般过去时通常表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,它常和yesterday, yesterday evening, last year, in 1985, a moment ago,this morning等表示过去时间的状语连用。如:
We went to the cinema last night and saw a very interesting film.
(3) 在一些特定句型中,可用一般过去时表示现在或将来时间。
①用在if, as if, suppose等词后,表示猜测或与现在事实相反。如:
If I had the money now I'd buy a house.
②用在It's time..., would rather, if only...等結构中,以及用在wish后,表主观设想。如:
Don't come tomorrow. I'd rather you came next weekend.
3. 一般将来时的用法:
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其基本结构是will / shall do。如:
We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.
表示将来的形式还有:
(1) be going to +动词原形,主要表示主语的意图,即将做某事、 计划,安排要发生的事、有迹象要发生的事。如:
The play is going to be produced next month.
(2) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事,具有“必要”的强制性意义。如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
(3) be about to +动词原形,意为马上做某事。如:He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
(4) be due to +V表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事。如:
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
(5) be on the point of +V-ing 强调即将发生的某种事态。如:
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
(6) 用现在进行时表示将来,表示意图、打算、安排,常用于人。常用词有come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week?
4. 现在进行时的用法:
(1) 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。如:
We are waiting for you.
(2) 表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
(3) 表示渐变的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。如:
The leaves are turning red. It's getting warmer and warmer.
(4) 与always, constantly, forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。如:
You are always changing your mind.
有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等的动词。如:see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, look, appear(表示感覺的词);hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse, forgive(表示感情的动词);be, exist, remain, stay, obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have, possess, own, contain, belong, consist of, form(表示占有与从属的动词);understand, know, believe, think, doubt, forget, remember(表示思考理解的动词)。
5. 过去进行时的用法:
(1) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。如:
Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.
(2) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时,则另一个句子常用过去进行时。如:
I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.
6. 现在完成时的用法:
(1) 现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完成的动作(常与yet, already, just连用),或者过去某一时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况(常与for, since连用)。如:
I have just finished my homework. Mary has been ill for three days.
(2) 完成时态可用在下列结构中:This (That, It) is (was) the first (second...) time +定语从句;This (That, It) is the only (last) + n. +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n. +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。如:
This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
7. 过去完成时的用法:
(1) 表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。如:
We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
(2) 动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。如:
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away.
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是:
① was / were + to have done sth., 如:
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't.
② intended (expected, hoped, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth. 如:
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3) 过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:
① hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。如:
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
② no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。如:
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
③ by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。如:
The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon.
8. 过去将来时的用法:
过去将来时表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。如:
I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.
注意事項:由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的,所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。
9. 现在完成进行时的用法:
现在完成进行时的构成为:have / has been being done,表示现在以前一直进行的动作。有些词如work, study, live, teach等用现在完成进行时和现在完成时意思差不多。如:
I have worked here for three years. I have been working here for three years.
但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同的意思。如:
I have written a letter.(已经写完)I have been writing a letter.(还没有写完)。
注意表示短暂性动作的动词如finish, marry, come等不能这样用。
用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. What ______ you ______ (do) at 10 o'clock last night?
2. The boy ______ (make) coffee when his mother came back home.
3. I ______ (return) the magazine to you as soon as I finish it.
4. How long ______ you ______ (have) the car?
5. How long ______ you ______ (wait) here?
6. Gaby has been working in that company since she ______ (graduate) from college.
7. Though we don't know what discussed, we can feel the topic ______ (change).
8. You ______ (work) too hard these days.
9. I ______ (play) ping-pong quite well, but I ______ (not have) time to play since the new year.
10. Even if it ______ (snow) tomorrow, the performance won't be called off.
11. This is the best cell-phone that I ______ ever ______ (buy).
12. Go and see what ______ (happen) over there.
13. No decision ______ (make) about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.
14. Ashly ______ constantly ______ (leave) things about.
15. —Do you think we should accept that offer?
—Yes, we should, for we ______ (have) such bad luck up till now, and time ______ (run) out.
16. Jim ______ (send) a letter yesterday.
17. Laura told me she wouldn't leave until you ______ (come) back.
18. These books ______ often ______ (borrow) by girls.
19. When ______ the house ______ (build)?
20. A new school ______ (build) here. They hope to begin it next month.