叶菌唑与4种杀菌剂复配对小麦赤霉病的毒力及防效

2020-08-25 10:03刘程程孙海燕张雯婷储西平明亮
植物保护 2020年4期

刘程程 孙海燕 张雯婷 储西平 明亮

摘要 采用菌丝生长速率法测定了叶菌唑分别与咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑和氟啶胺的几种不同配比复配剂对禾谷镰孢菌的室内联合毒力,并通过田间试验评价复配剂对小麦赤霉病的防效。结果表明,叶菌唑、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑和氟啶胺对禾谷镰孢菌的有效抑制中浓度(EC50)分别为0.016 3~0.038 3、0.014 7、0.280 7、0.094 5、0.230 0 μg/mL,复配剂叶菌唑∶咪鲜胺1∶2和叶菌唑∶戊唑醇1∶1具有增效作用,SR值分别为1.540 5和1.515 3。按此比例制备了30%叶菌唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂和20%叶菌唑·戊唑醇悬浮剂用以进行田间防效试验,结果显示,这2个复配剂的田间防效均与用量呈正相关性,且一次防效均在65%以上,并且对小麦安全,这一结果表明叶菌唑与咪鲜胺、戊唑醇这2种不同作用机制的杀菌剂可以复配使用,大大延缓了小麦赤霉病菌抗药性的进一步加剧,为赤霉病的综合防控和抗药性治理提供依据,具有良好的市场开发前景。

关键词 叶菌唑; 咪鲜胺; 戊唑醇; 联合毒力; 田间防效

中图分类号: S 435.121.45

文献标识码: B

DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2019211

Synergistic toxicity and field control effects of metconazole mixed with four fungicides against Fusarium graminearum on wheat

LIU Chengcheng1, SUN Haiyan2, ZHANG Wenting1, CHU Xiping1,2, MING Liang1,2*

(1. Suke Agro-Chemical of Jiangsu Province Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China;

2. Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China)

Abstract

Toxicities of metconazole, prochloraz, tebuconazole, prothioconazole, fluazinam and their mixtures to Fusarium graminearum in wheat were detected by mycelial growth assay in vitro, and the control efficacy of mixtures to wheat head blight disease was evaluated in the field. The results showed that the EC50 values for metconazole, prochloraz, tebuconazole, prothioconazole and fluazinam were 0.016 3-0.038 3, 0.014 7, 0.280 7, 0.094 5 and 0.230 0 μg/mL, respectively. The mixtures of metconazole and prochloraz with the ratio of 1∶2, and metconazole and tebuconazole with the ratio of 1∶1 demonstrated synergistic inhibition effect, with the synergy ratio of 1.540 5 and 1.515 3, respectively. 30% metconazole and prochloraz emulsion in water and 20% metconazole and tebuconazole suspension concentrates were prepared at this proportion in field trials. The results showed that field control effects of the two compound agents were positively correlated with the dosage, with the efficacy over 65%. These fungicides were safe to wheat at the used dosages. The above results indicated that metconazole mixed with prochloraz or tebuconazole can be used to defer the resistance of wheat head blight disease, which provides the basis for comprehensive control and resistance management, and has good market development prospects.

Key words

metconazole; prochloraz; tebuconazole; synergistic toxicity; field control efficacy

小麥赤霉病是由禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum引起的世界性真菌病害。近些年,受到全球气候和耕作制度等因素的影响,小麦赤霉病的发生频率大幅增加,发生范围也逐渐扩大[1]。小麦赤霉病的发生不仅会造成小麦减产,还因产真菌毒素造成小麦品质下降,对人畜健康构成严重威胁,已成为当前制约我国小麦生产安全及麦类食品质量安全最重要的病害之一[2-4]。生产上防治小麦赤霉病主要采用以抗病品种为基础、以药剂防治为重点的综合防治方法。但抗病品种的选育存在抗性改良周期长、高效抗性种质资源缺乏等一系列问题[5-6],使用化学药剂仍然是防治小麦赤霉病的重要措施。目前防治小麦赤霉病的药剂还是以多菌灵为主[7],由于多年连续使用,抗性问题发展迅速,抗性菌株检出率急剧上升,防效也逐年下降[8],因此开发新的替代药剂或新复配剂迫在眉睫。目前报道的替代药剂中,甾醇抑制剂如叶菌唑、戊唑醇、咪鲜胺效果较好[9-11]。叶菌唑属于新型三唑类杀菌剂,其作用机理是作为麦角甾醇生物合成中C-14脱甲基化酶抑制剂,对由壳针孢、镰孢和柄锈菌等引起的病害防效卓越[12]。戊唑醇和丙硫菌唑也属于三唑类杀菌剂,但与叶菌唑的活性谱有较大的差别。咪鲜胺属于咪唑类杀菌剂,它通过抑制菌体麦角甾醇化合物的生物合成,对子囊菌和半知菌等引起的病害具有极佳的防效[13]。氟啶胺属于吡啶胺类杀菌剂,是线粒体氧化磷酸化解偶联剂,对多种真菌病害具有较好的防治效果[14-15]。

施药后调查了小麦的叶形、叶色以及扬花情况等,均未发现药害症状,表明30%叶菌唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂和20%叶菌唑·戊唑醇悬浮剂在用量为600、750 g/hm2时对小麦安全。

3 讨论

选育高产优质抗病品种固然是预防小麦赤霉病的最根本途径,但由于赤霉病的抗性机理复杂,导致抗性品种资源缺乏[20]。在小麦赤霉病的流行年份,最有效的方法还是通过化学药剂防治。单个化学药剂的作用位点单一,长期使用易使病菌产生抗性,选择结构类型不同的杀菌剂进行科学复配不仅提高了药效,还延缓了病原菌对化学药剂产生抗药性,能更有效地解决小麦赤霉病防治中出现的问题[21]。国内外的研究表明,三唑类杀菌剂叶菌唑与戊唑醇单剂对小麦赤霉病具有很好的预防和治疗作用[22-26], 咪鲜胺作为咪唑类杀菌剂,能有效抑制抗多菌灵菌株,可防治具有多菌灵抗性的禾谷镰孢引起的小麦赤霉病[26]。目前叶菌唑与戊唑醇、咪鲜胺、丙硫菌唑和氟啶胺的复配剂研究还未见文献报道。

在前人研究的基础上,本研究采用菌丝生长速率法检测了叶菌唑与4种杀菌剂的几种配比复配剂对禾谷镰孢的室内联合毒力,并分析了复配剂的联合作用类型。结果表明,叶菌唑与4种杀菌剂混配后均表现出相加及增效作用,其中叶菌唑与咪鲜胺配比为1∶2和叶菌唑与戊唑醇配比为1∶1有增效作用,且任一药剂比例增加时增效系数均表现出下降趋势。初步确定了叶菌唑与咪鲜胺和戊唑醇复配的最佳比例,并按此比例制备了30%叶菌唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂和20%叶菌唑·戊唑醇悬浮剂进行田间防效试验。2个复配剂的田间防效均与用量呈正相关,且药后30 d防效均在65%以上,表明30%叶菌唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂和20%叶菌唑·戊唑醇悬浮剂具有良好的市场开发前景,但本研究的大田试验的用量和防效有待进一步完善;药剂对小麦产量及籽粒中DON等毒素积累的影响有待进一步研究;复配制剂的剂型也有待进一步优化。

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