曹学仁 周益林
摘要 植物病原菌的菌源量是病害发生和流行的重要因子之一,对其精准的定量测定或检测可大大提高植物病害预测的准确性,本文对实时荧光定量PCR (qPCR)与数字PCR在植物病原菌定量检测、以及基于RNA水平的real-time PCR和基于核酸染料(EMA/PMA)与qPCR相结合的技术在植物病原菌活体定量检测中的应用进行了综述,并展望其在植物病害流行和预测中的应用前景。
关键词 植物病原菌; 定量检测; 实时定量PCR; 数字PCR; 活体检测
中图分类号: S 432
文献标识码: A
DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2019463
Research progress in quantitative detection of plant pathogens using PCR technique
CAO Xueren1, ZHOU Yilin2*
(1. Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of
Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; 2. State
Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China)
Abstract
The inoculum of plant pathogens is an important factor related with disease epidemics. Precise quantification of inoculum greatly help the prediction of diseases. This review summarized the applications of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and digital PCR in the quantification of plant pathogens. The use of real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR and the combination of viability dyes and qPCR in viability detection of plant pathogens were also reviewed. The future perspectives of molecular quantitative detection of the pathogens in plant disease epidemics were discussed.
Key words
plant pathogen; quantitative detection; real-time quantitative PCR; digital PCR; viability detection
在植物病害流行過程中,病原菌的菌源量是一种重要的驱动因子,是病害预测的一个重要参数,如土壤中芸薹根肿菌Plasmodiophora brassicae的含量与病害发生程度显著相关,小麦条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici和白粉菌Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici的越冬菌量和第二年早春的病情也存在显著的相关性等[1-3],因此准确获得病原菌的菌源量对于一些病害的预测和治理有十分重要的作用。
传统病原菌菌源量数据的获取主要依靠田间调查,但是一方面仅根据症状来判断病情容易出现误判,如苗期小麦条锈病与叶锈病容易混淆;另一方面对在寄主组织内潜伏侵染或未显症或隐症病原菌来说,由于此时尚未显症,无法准确估计病原菌的菌源量,从而影响对病害的预测。近年来,快速发展的分子生物学技术如实时荧光定量PCR、数字PCR等为植物病原菌的定量检测提供了新工具。
1 基于实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)的植物病原菌定量检测
实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,qPCR)技术通过在PCR反应体系中加入特定的荧光结合物质或者荧光探针,实时监测荧光量的变化,获得待测样品达到荧光检测阈值的循环数(cycle threshold,Ct值),再根据已知浓度标准品的Ct值与其浓度对数建立的标准曲线计算样品中模板DNA的浓度。该技术实现了从定性研究到定量研究,在寄主组织内、空气中、土壤中以及种子中的植物病原菌的定量检测中得到了广泛应用,如Yan等[2]和Zheng等[3]分别利用qPCR技术定量检测了小麦叶片中条锈病菌P.striiformis f.sp. tritici和白粉病菌B.graminis f.sp. tritici的越冬菌量;结合孢子捕捉器和qPCR,Rogers等[4]和Cao等[5]分别建立了空气中油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和小麦白粉病菌B.graminis f.sp. tritici孢子浓度的检测技术;关于土壤中芸薹根肿菌P.brassicae、Pythium tracheiphilum和穿刺短体线虫Pratylenchus neglectus的qPCR定量检测研究均有报道[1,6-7];菠菜种子中黄萎病菌Verticillium dahliae和水稻种子中恶苗病菌Fusarium fujikuroi的qPCR定量检测技术也已建立[8-9],并且国内外有多篇文章对该方面的研究进展进行了综述[10-13]。
2 基于数字PCR的植物病原菌定量检测
数字PCR(digital PCR)是近年来发展起来的一种定量分析技术,与qPCR技术不同的是它采用直接计数或泊松分布公式来计算每个反应单元的平均浓度(含量),从而进行定量分析,不需要依赖于扩增曲线的循环阈值(Ct),不受扩增效率的影响。其原理是通过将一个样本分成几十到几万个不同的反应单元,每个单元包含一个或多个拷贝的目标分子(DNA模板),并进行PCR扩增,扩增结束后对采集每个反应单元的荧光信号进行统计学分析[14]。近年来该技术也开始应用于植物病原菌的定量检测研究。Blaya等对烟草疫霉Phytophthora nicotianae qPCR和数字PCR定量检测结果的比较发现,数字PCR可检测的浓度更低,受样品的影响更小[15]。对柑橘溃疡病菌Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri和木质部难养菌Xylella fastidiosa的研究也得到类似的研究结果[16-17]。另外梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora、马铃薯青枯病菌Ralstonia solanacearum[18]、葡萄土壤杆菌Agrobacterium vitis[19]、柑橘黄龙病菌Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus[20-21]、芸薹根腫菌P.brassicae[22]等植物病原菌的数字PCR定量检测技术也有报道。但是目前由于数字PCR设备价格昂贵、检测成本高、分析的样品通量低等,制约了其推广应用。
3 基于RNA水平的real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)技术的植物病原菌活体定量检测
由于细胞死亡后DNA仍能保留较长时间,如细菌死亡数周后还能用PCR技术检测到[23]。因此若以DNA为材料检测寄主组织内病原菌的菌源量,很容易将组织内已死亡的病原菌统计在内,从而导致获得的菌源量数据偏高[24-25]。为了准确估计病原菌的菌源量,需要将样品中的“死菌”与“活菌”区分,近年来在这方面的研究也取得了一定的进展。和DNA不同,RNA特别是mRNA的半衰期较短,一般只存在于活细胞中。细胞死亡后,RNA会迅速地被降解成寡核苷酸片段[26]。Chimento等[27]研究结果表明,栎树猝死病菌Phytophthora ramorum在死亡7 d后,就检测不到病菌中的mRNA,而死亡3个月后,病原菌中的DNA还能被检测到。因此通过提取样品中的RNA,利用RNA 反转录试剂盒将RNA反转录成cDNA,设计特异性引物,以cDNA为模板进行real-time PCR反应,可以用来定量检测样品中活的病原菌的含量。近年来有利用qRT-PCR技术定量检测寄主中活的植物病原真菌的研究报道,Pavón等[28]建立了链格孢属Alternaria spp. 真菌的qRT-PCR检测技术,并利用该技术对新鲜果蔬样品和加工后样品中活的病原菌进行了定量检测,结果与传统培养方法得到的结果存在极显著的相关性。Ma等[29]建立了可用来定量检测叶片中活的条锈菌P.striiformis f.sp. tritici的qRT-PCR技术,并利用该技术对我国甘肃和青海不同海拔地区的小麦条锈菌越冬菌量进行了定量检测。Fan等[30]建立了苹果树腐烂病菌Valsa mali的qRT-PCR检测技术并定量检测接种生防菌后苹果枝条中的V.mali活菌含量,从而用来研究生防菌的防效和防治机制。另外,基于qRT-PCR的栗黑水疫霉Phytophthora cambivora和樟疫霉P.cinnamomi的活体定量检测研究也已报道[31-32]。此外该技术在植物病原细菌如柑橘溃疡病菌X. citri subsp. citri[33]、植物病原线虫如松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus[34]和马铃薯孢囊线虫Globodera spp.[35]的活体定量检测中均有报道。qRT-PCR技术最明显的不足之处在于RNA提取过程中的损失、污染及降解问题,不同的RNA提取方法获得的RNA的质量和浓度均有差异。其次靶基因的选择对结果也有很大的影响,有些基因在病原菌不同发育阶段的表达量存在较大差异,从而影响对活体和死体病原菌的区分,如Ma等的研究结果表明利用小麦条锈病菌延伸因子EF1引物,采用qRT-PCR可以定量检测小麦叶片组织内活的条锈菌的生物量,但不能区分活的和死的小麦条锈病菌的夏孢子[36];对4个柑橘溃疡病菌X. citri subsp. citri靶标基因(gumD、rpfB、avrBs2和gyrB)的研究也发现,只有gumD基因适合用来区分死的和活的X. citri subsp. citri细胞[33]。
4 基于核酸染料(EMA/PMA)和qPCR的植物病原菌活体定量检测
叠氮溴化乙锭(ethidium monoazide,EMA)和叠氮溴化丙锭(propidium monoazide,PMA)是两种对DNA分子具有高度亲和力的光敏染料,它们不能透过完整的细胞膜,但可以穿过受破坏的细胞膜进入细胞内,选择性地结合细胞膜受损伤的死细胞的DNA并抑制其进行PCR扩增。其中EMA在进入膜损伤细胞并插入双链DNA后,在可见光的作用下,通过与DNA双螺旋发生不可逆的共价交叉偶合,从而抑制PCR反应中引物与死菌DNA的结合,达到区分死菌和活菌的目的[37];而PMA在进入膜损伤细胞并插入双链DNA后,在可见光激活下,PMA分子中具有光敏性的叠氮基团会生成高反应性的nitrene基,很容易地在结合部位与碳氢化合物部分结合生成稳定牢固的共价氮碳键,产生稳定的共价交联沉淀物,有效地抑制死菌细胞DNA的扩增[38]。2003年Nogva等[39]提出了EMA-PCR方法用于区分死菌和活菌,随后2006年Nocker等[40]研究发现EMA在一定程度上对某些种属细菌的活细胞也产生影响,提出了与EMA结构类似的PMA结合qPCR的活菌检测技术。此后将EMA/PMA与PCR、qPCR和LAMP 技术相结合在食源性致病菌的活菌检测研究中得到了广泛的应用[25,41-44]。在活的植物病原菌的定量检测方面,目前关于EMA/PMA和qPCR相结合定量检测植物病原细菌的研究报道较多。其中基于EMA-qPCR和基于PMA-qPCR的活柑橘黄龙病菌Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus定量检测技术都已建立[45-46]。此外基于EMA-qPCR的番茄细菌性溃疡病菌Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.michiganensis活菌[47]和基于PMA-qPCR的黄瓜细菌性角斑病菌Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans[48]、胡萝卜细菌性枯萎病菌X. hortorum pv. carotae[49]、玉米细菌性枯萎病菌Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii[50]、植物细菌性青枯病菌Ralstonia solanacearum[51]、猕猴桃溃疡病菌P.syringae pv. actinidia[52]活菌的定量检测技术均有报道。在其他植物病原菌方面,Vilanova等[53]报道了用来定量检测果实和花上存活的褐腐病菌Monilinia fructicola的PMA-qPCR技术;Christoforou等[54]建立了可以用来定量检测田间存活的马铃薯孢囊线虫(Globodera pallida 和G.rostochiensis)的PMA-qPCR检测技术;Al-Daoud等[55]利用PMA与qPCR相结合的技术定量检测土壤中存活的芸薹根肿菌P.brassicae的休眠孢子。虽然基于EMA/PMA的活体定量检测技术解决了qRT-PCR技术中RNA提取过程中的问题,但是影响其效率的因素也有不少[41-42],包括1)染料的浓度、孵育时间和处理温度;2)光源、光照时间等;3)靶基因的长度和序列;另外样品中微生物的浓度、死细胞和活细胞的比例等都会影响EMA/PMA的效率。
5 展望
建立精准、可靠的植物病原菌定量检测方法,准确估计病原菌的种群数量,对于深入研究植物病害的流行规律,提高病害预测的准确性具有重要意义。qPCR技术目前在植物病原菌定量检测中得到了比较广泛的应用,而数字PCR技术由于检测样品的通量很低、成本高,在植物病原菌的定量检测研究中应用还较少。但是數字PCR技术和qPCR相比具有独特的优势,且灵敏度和稳定性更高,随着技术不断发展,低成本的数字PCR产品将被开发出来,其应用范围会越来越广泛。
利用常规分离培养和一般的分子检测方法,均无法实现对寄主中活的病原菌越夏和越冬菌源、土壤中存活的病原菌以及活的非可培养(viable but nonculturable,VBNG)状态细菌的定量检测。qRT-PCR技术、核酸染料(EMA/PMA)和qPCR相结合的技术是目前用于病原菌活体定量检测的两种主要技术,不仅实现了对样品中病原菌的定量检测,还可以区分样品中的死活病原菌细胞,较好地解决上述难题。虽然这两种技术在植物病原菌的检测中还处于起步阶段,但是随着这些技术的进一步发展和完善,将具有广阔应用前景。另外,随着一些高通量、快速精准、检测灵敏度高的新型检测方法如多重荧光定量PCR的开发,可为植物病原菌活体定量检测提供新技术。
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