余云志 杜梅 黄静 段桂芬 朱金惠 杨姝淼 胡季芳 鲁衍强
【摘 要】目的:探討大理白族自治州汉族、白族、彝族、回族、傈僳族育龄女性5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)C677T、A1298C及甲硫氨酸合成酶还原酶(MTRR)A66G基因多态性的频率特征。方法:以到大理白族自治州妇幼保健院做孕检的7331例女性为研究对象,其中汉族3203人,白族3140人,彝族694人,回族212人,傈僳族82人,提取口腔上皮细胞DNA,采用荧光定量PCR,进行编码基因MTHFR和MTRR的相关多态性位点检测。结果:1)各民族入组对象的基因多态性分布符合遗传平衡定律;2)大理州汉族女性MTHFR 677CC、CT、TT的基因型频率分别为40.0%、45.3%、14.7%,白族女性为43.6%、44.4%、12.0%,彝族女性为45.4%、43.7%、11.0%,回族女性为42.9%、43.4%、13.7%,傈僳族女性为47.6%、37.8%、14.6%,其中汉族与白族、彝族女性的MTHFR C677T基因型和等位基因频率多态性分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),回族与傈僳族的MTHFR C677T基因与以上民族比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),汉族与白族的MTHFR A1298C、MTRR A66G基因型分布相比较有统计学差异(P<0.05),其中汉族女性MTHFR 1298AA、AC、CC的基因型频率分别为65.2%、31.6%、3.2%,白族女性为65.8%、29.7%、4.5%,汉族女性MTRR 66AA、AG、GG的基因型频率分别为53.9%、38.1%、8.0%,白族女性为49.1%、41.9%、9.0%,傈僳族女性的MTHFR A1298C基因型频率和等位基因频率分布与汉族、白族、彝族都有统计学差异(P<0.05)。3)两位点连锁情况677CC/1298AA双野生型频率以汉族(19.8%)最低,傈僳族(32.9%)最高;汉族、白族、彝族、回族都以CT/AA基因连锁型出现频率最高,傈僳族CC/AA和CT/AA出现频次一致,且远高于其他基因型。5个民族均未见CT/CC及TT/CC组合,TT/AC组合仅存在于汉族及白族中。结论:大理州各民族育龄女性叶酸代谢关键酶基因位点多态性有其自身特点,具有民族特性,可以有针对性的制定符合当地民族特征的个性化叶酸补服方案。
【关键词】 5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶;甲硫氨酸合成还原酶;基因多态性;民族特异性
Distribution characteristics of key enzyme genes SNPs in folate metabolism of five ethnic women of childbearing age in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture
Yu Yunzhi1, Du Mei1, Huang Jing1, Duan Guifen1, Zhu Jinhui1, Yang Shumiao1, Hu Jifang*2, Lu Yanqiang2
1.Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Dali, Yunnan 671000;
2.Shanghai Zhangjiang Puhui Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai 201314
[Abstract] Objective:To investigate the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T,A1298C and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) A66G in Han,Bai,Yi,Hui and Dong women of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture. Frequency characteristics of genetic polymorphisms.Methods: A total of 7331 women who were pregnant in the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture were selected as subjects.Among them,3203 Han people,3140 Bai people,694 Yi people,212 Hui people and 82 Yi people extracted DNA from oral epithelial cells.Real-time PCR was performed to detect the relevant polymorphic sites of the gene MTHFR and MTRR.Results: 1) The genetic polymorphism distribution of the ethnic groups enrolled in the group accorded with the law of genetic balance; 2) The genotype frequencies of MTHFR 677CC, CT and TT in Han Chinese women in Dali were 40.0%,45.3%,14.7%,respectively.43.6%,44.4%,and 12.0% of women,45.4%,43.7%, and 11.0% of Yi women, 42.9%, 43.4%, and 13.7% of Hui women, and 47.6%, 37.8%, and 14.6% of Yi women.There were significant differences in the distribution of MTHFR C677T genotype and allele frequency polymorphisms between Bai and Yi women (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the MTHFR C677T gene of Hui and Yi nationality and the above ethnic groups (P>0.05).The distribution of MTHFR A1298C and MTRR A66G genotypes between Han and Bai were statistically significant (P<0.05). The genotype frequencies of MTHFR 1298AA, AC and CC in Han women were 65.2%,31.6% and 3.2%,respectively.The genotype frequencies of MTRR 66AA, AG, and GG of 65.8%, 29.7%, and 4.5% of Han women were 53.9%,38.1%,and 8.0%,respectively,and that of Bai women were 49.1%, 41.9%, and 9.0%. MTHFR A1298C genotype frequency and allele frequency distribution and Han,Bai,Yi has a significant difference (P<0.05). 3) The two-point linkage situation 677CC/1298AA double wild-type frequency is the lowest in the Han nationality (19.8%) and the highest in the Dai nationality (32.9%); the Han, Bai, Yi and Hui nationalities all have the highest frequency of CT/AA gene linkage. The frequency of CC/AA and CT/AA is consistent and far higher than other genotypes. None of the five ethnic groups saw CT/CC and TT/CC combinations, and the TT/AC combination existed only in the Han and Bai nationalities. Conclusion: The polymorphism of key enzymes in folate metabolism of women of reproductive age in Dali Prefecture has its own characteristics and has national characteristics. It can be targeted to formulate a personalized folic acid supplementation program in line with local ethnic characteristics.
[Key words]5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; Methionine synthetic reductase; Gene polymorphism; Ethnicity
5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)和甲硫氨酸合成酶还原酶(MTRR)是参与叶酸代谢的关键酶,其基因多态性影响着体内叶酸及同型半胱氨酸水平:MTHFR位点的TT纯合子基因型的个体在葉酸不足的情况下会产生轻微高同型半胱氨酸血症,而MTRR1298及677两个位点均发生杂合突变的个体则表现出明显的高同型半胱氨酸血症[1-2]。该多态性与神经管畸形、复发性流产、妊娠期高血压等疾病的发生密切相关,严重影响母婴健康[3-6]。针对大理白族自治州汉族、白族、彝族、回族、傈僳族育龄女性,检测MTHFR和MTRR两个关键酶基因型,研究本地区人群的遗传特征,从而指导和制定个性化的干预治疗方式,为大理州不同民族育龄妇女个性化孕期保健提供遗传学数据。
1 对象与方法
1.1 研究对象
选取自2016年至2019年来本院就诊的育龄女性为研究对象,入组对象共7331例,其中汉族3203人、白族3140人、彝族694人、回族212人、傈僳族82人,平均年龄分别为:(28.46±5.18)岁、(28.40±5.03)岁、(27.88±5.15)岁、(28.59±6.04)岁、(29.22±5.64)岁,均获得受检者知情同意,本研究符合《赫尔辛基宣言》。
1.2 方法
利用硅胶吸附法提取口腔黏膜细胞样本的基因组DNA。采用柱式质粒DNA少量抽提试剂盒提取样本DNA。用Taqman-MGB探针(见表1)荧光定量PCR检测MTHFR C677T、A1298C和MTRRA66G的基因多态性。相关仪器、试剂均购于美国ABI公司。各反应体系总体积分别为25μL,包含浓度20ng/μL的DNA模板2.5μL,2×Taqman Universal MasterMix 12.5μL,20×Taqman-MGB探针1.25μL,去离子水8.75μL。95℃反应10min,92℃反应15s,60℃1min扩增20个循环,89℃ 15s,60℃ 90s扩增30个循环。反应结束后在ABI 7900型荧光定量PCR仪上读取样品孔中的终点荧光,采用Hardy-Weinberg平衡分析MTHFR C677T、A1298C和MTRR A66G基因多态性,利用分析软件分析各个样本的基因分型结果。
1.3 统计学分析
采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析,不同民族间样本基因型及等位基因频率比较采用卡方检验,以P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。采用HaploView 4.2软件进行单核苷酸多态性的Hardy-Weinberg平衡分析。
2 结果
2.1 Hardy-Weinberg平衡分析
研究对象大理白族自治州汉族、白族、彝族、回族、傈僳族育龄女性MTHFR C677T/A1298C和MTRR A66G的位点基因多态性均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡(P>0.05),说明针对该样本群,由该三个位点遗传分析得出的结论对下一代群体具有指导意义。
2.2 基因频率分析
见表2~5。大理州5个民族MTHFR C677T/A1298C、MTRR A66G基因型和等位基因频率分布见表2、4,各民族MTHFR C677T/A1298C、MTRR A66G基因型和等位基因频率间的差异见表3、5。大理州汉族与白族、彝族女性的MTHFR C677T基因型和等位基因频率多态性分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中风险基因型MTHFR 677TT在汉族中出现的频率最高,为14.7%,其次为白族12.0%,接着为彝族11.0%,回族与傈僳族的MTHFR C677T基因与以上民族比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),汉族与白族的MTHFR A1298C、MTRR A66G基因型分布相比较有统计学差异(P<0.05),傈僳族女性的MTHFR A1298C基因型频率
和等位基因频率分布与汉族、白族、彝族都有统计学差异(P<0.05)。其他各民族间叶酸代谢关键酶基因位点分布差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.3 MTHFR C677T 和A1298C两位点连锁情况
两位点连锁情况677CC/1298AA双野生型频率以汉族(19.8%)最低,其次为彝族(21.2%)、白族(21.6%)、回族(23.1%),最高为傈僳族(32.9%);汉族、白族、彝族、回族都以CT/AA基因连锁型出现频率最高,傈僳族CC/AA和CT/AA出现频次一致,且远高于其他基因型。5个民族均未见CT/CC及TT/CC组合,TT/AC组合仅存在于汉族及白族中,且占比极少,比较罕见。详见表6。
3 讨论
叶酸是人体内重要的水溶性维生素,参与核酸、氨基酸等重要物质的合成,对细胞的生长及胚胎发育具有重要作用。据文献报道,5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)和甲硫氨酸合成酶还原酶(MTRR)是参与体内叶酸代谢的关键酶。MTHFR677位的胞嘧啶可被胸腺嘧啶代替,导致其编码的蛋白由丙氨酸转变为缬氨酸。MTHFR1298位的腺嘌呤可被胞嘧啶取代,使其所编码的蛋白由谷氨酸变为丙氨酸,该位点的突变导致MTHFR编码的酶活性降低[1-2]。MTHFR 1298AC和667CT存在协同作用,使MTHFR酶活性下降到正常的36%[7],而导致体内同型半胱氨酸水平显著增高。
已有研究表明,叶酸代谢关键酶基因位点多态性分布特征在不同民族和种族中差异有统计学意义[8-10]。大理州是多民族聚居地,分布有汉族、白族、彝族、回族、傈僳族等,民族资源丰富,且至今尚未见将此5个民族叶酸代谢关键酶基因进行相互比较的报道。本研究显示大理州汉族与白族、彝族女性的MTHFR C677T等位基因频率多态性分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且汉族女性风险基因型MTHFR 677TT明显高于其他几个民族,叶酸利用能力更为低下,需要补服更多剂量的叶酸来预防妇女妊娠期并发症或者胎儿出生缺陷的可能性。目前孕期保健措施为育龄妇女从孕前3个月至妊娠满3个月每日补服叶酸[11],针对育龄女性进行遗传学筛查,对叶酸代谢障碍的风险人群采取加强叶酸代谢水平检测、增加营养素补充、提高产前筛查等措施是实现出生缺陷一级预防的重要方法,是预防出生缺陷儿出生和提高人口素质的重要手段。
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