朱明明 李占全 崔森
摘要:乳腺癌是发生在乳腺腺上皮组织的恶性肿瘤,早期症状多不明显,晚期可发生癌细胞远处转移,出现全身多器官病变,增加临床治疗难度,严重影响患者生活质量和生命安全。目前,乳腺癌的发病机制尚不明确,研究乳腺癌的发生、发展,尤其是转移相关的调控机制对乳腺癌的治疗具有重要意义。近年来研究表明MMP-9相关信号通路与乳腺癌的发生发展密切相关。本文就MMP-9的结构与生物学功能及其介导的乳腺癌侵袭及转移机制与预后作一综述,以期为临床治疗提供参考。
关键词:MMP-9;乳腺癌;信号通路
中图分类号:R737.9 文献标识码:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.13.007
文章编号:1006-1959(2020)13-0022-04
Mechanism of MMP-9 Signaling Pathway Regulating Breast Cancer Development
ZHU Ming-ming1,2,LI Zhan-quan1,2,CUI Sen1,2
(1.Plateau Medical Research Center,Medical College of Qinghai University,Xining 810001,Qinghai,China;
2.Department of Hematology,the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University,Xining 810001,Qinghai,China)
Abstract:Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs in the epithelial tissue of the breast gland. The early symptoms are mostly insignificant. In the late stage, cancer cells can metastasize to a distant location, and there are multiple organ lesions throughout the body. This increases the difficulty of clinical treatment and seriously affects the quality of life and safety of patients. At present, the pathogenesis of breast cancer is not yet clear. It is of great significance to study the occurrence and development of breast cancer, especially the metabolic regulation mechanism for the treatment of breast cancer. Recent studies have shown that MMP-9-related signaling pathways are closely related to the occurrence and development of breast cancer. This article reviews the structure and biological function of MMP-9 and the mechanisms and prognosis of breast cancer invasion and metastasis mediated by it, in order to provide a reference for clinical treatment.
Key words:MMP-9;Breast cancer;Signaling pathway
乳腺癌(breast cancer)作为目前全球发病率最高的肿瘤之一,其发病率逐年增高,严重威胁女性健康及生活质量。乳腺癌晚期易发生侵袭或转移,是乳腺癌治疗的难题[1]。目前,关于乳腺癌转移机制的尚未达成统一共识,近年来研究表明,肿瘤细胞周围的ECM降解是癌细胞发生浸润的必要步骤,而MMPs是导致细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)包括基底膜降解的重要酶类之一。有研究表明[1-3],MMP-9的多信号通路与乳腺癌侵袭和转移密切相关,其可通过降解ECM,破坏细胞粘附分子的正常组织结构,联合其它相关的酶降解血管周围的基质,诱导肿瘤转移。本文就MMP-9的结构与生物学功能及其与乳腺癌侵袭与转移机制作一综述,以期为我国乳腺癌的研究提供借鉴和参考,为其进一步干预治疗提供理论依据。
1 MMP-9的结构与生物学功能
基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metal proteinases,MMPs)是一组具有许多共同生化性质的可降解细胞外基质的锌依赖蛋白内切酶家族,近年来研究较多的是MMP-9。MMP-9属于明胶酶类B,又称Ⅳ型胶原酶,是基质金属蛋白酶家族中的重要成员,其分子质量是92 kDa,分别由催化区、前肽区和C-结构域组成。同时,MMPs也是一组含有Zn2+能够降解绝大多数ECM的肽链内切酶,通常在中性條件下发挥活性,有Ca2+参与时,其活性最大。MMP-9激活后可能够特异地水解ECM和基底膜(basal membrane,BM)的化学成分Ⅳ型胶原、Ⅴ型胶原、黏连蛋白等,可由中性粒细胞、血管内皮细胞、单核巨噬细胞、平滑肌细胞、成纤维细胞等分泌[4,5]。MMP-9主要作用是在生理pH值下,在金属锌离子作用下,结合基底膜的大分子物质并破坏明胶,从而参与细胞外基质的降解与重建。在正常生理情况下,其能够切断细胞外基质成分,调节细胞间粘附并作用于细胞外成分或其它蛋白成分而启动潜在生物学功能,直接或间接参与胚胎发育、组织重塑、创伤愈合和血管增生等生理学过程。同时,MMP-9激活后可降解基底膜的Ⅳ型胶原蛋白,刺激肿瘤内部新生血管形成,增加肿瘤的营养供给;同时,其可增加肿瘤细胞间及与宿主细胞间的黏附方便转移,导致乳腺癌的进一步演变进化,发生侵袭和转移[4-7]。
2 MMP-9介导的乳腺癌侵袭及转移机制
有研究表明[11],MMP-9对于乳腺癌进展是至关重要的,该因子从多方面、多层次参与乳腺癌进展的机制及通路调控,主要由其生物学特性决定:一方面,由于Ⅳ型胶原蛋白是血管基底膜的主要成分,MMP-9可通过降解Ⅳ型胶原蛋白,造成血管基底膜结构破坏,进而破坏肿瘤周围组织,以增加肿瘤侵犯的风险,这通常是入侵和转移的初步步骤;另一方面,该因子另一生物学功能是促进血管生成,进一步加重乳腺癌的血行转移,从而导致肿瘤的进展[8-10]。
2.1 Ets-1 Ets转录因子家族含有一个高度保守的DNA结合结构域,可以识别特异性的螺旋-转角-螺旋基序DNA结合元件,而Ets-1作为Ets转录因子家族的重要成员,又称为Ets结合位点,以GGAA/T共有序列为核心模体,定位于人类11号染色体,主要表现为转录激活因子或阻遏,并在肿瘤发生过程中起着至关重要的作用[12,13]。此外,Ets-1参与肿瘤细胞的分化、增殖、迁移和凋亡等不同的生理过程,研究发现[14,15],Ets-1与乳腺癌肿瘤进展密切相关,其通过调控下游靶基因基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)的过表达,从而引起癌症的多种侵袭性病理改变。也有研究表明[16],Ets-1转录因子直接结合MMP-9启动子发挥致癌作用,在乳腺癌细胞系中转染Ets-1 siRNA可導致Ets-1和MMP-9下调,Ets-1被敲除后反而增加了乳腺癌细胞侵袭性。此外,该研究也指出MMP-9基因依赖Ets-1调控,主要是由于MMP-9基因启动子具有一个与Ets-1转录因子结合的位点,该位点可能与EMT标记一起直接反激活Ets-1,进而导致癌细胞侵袭性和转移性增强,最终参与了乳腺癌的侵袭和转移有关。总之,这些发现提示了Ets-1依赖于MMP-9基因的调控作用,对乳腺癌的发生发展有重要影响,且其与MMP-9的生物学功能有关,通过促进血管生成及基膜降解,进一步加重肿瘤的侵袭。
2.2 TGF-β/SMAD信号通路 转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor,TGF-β)作为一种多功能的细胞因子超家族,TGF-β的活化为其发挥作用的首要前提,该因子的激活由许多元素诱导,包括pH、活性氧、血小板反应蛋白-1、蛋白酶和金属蛋白酶。已知MMP-9和MMP-2可通过裂解潜在的TGF-β的结构,进而促进TGF-β活化,而活化的TGF-β与其他因子形成丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶复合物,该复合物与TGF-β受体结合,进一步激活下游底物和蛋白的表达,诱导转录各种靶基因参与细胞分化、增殖,该调控过程与SMAD和DAXX途径的密切相关[17]。有研究表明[18],由于TGF-β/SMAD信号传导的激活,引起TGF-β以及SMAD4,SMAD2/3和磷酸化SMAD2的水平均明显增加,进一步激活MMP-9过表达,其表达水平与乳腺恶性肿瘤细胞的恶性程度呈正比;且在乳腺癌组织中发现MMP-9和TGF-β强信号,并显著增加癌细胞恶性程度,包括癌细胞集落形成和迁移。Dong H等[19]研究表明,在应用MMP-9和TGF-β特异性抑制剂后,可明显抑制SMAD信号的激活及MMP-9的过表达,显著降低了乳腺癌细胞系的侵袭性。总之,乳腺癌细胞的转移和侵袭与MMP-9的表达密切相关,推测其主要与MMP-9的生物学功能密切相关,一方面MMP-9过表达促进血管生成,导致乳腺癌的血行播散增加,另一方面,MMP-9过表达直接导致基膜的降解增加,进一步加重癌细胞向周围组织的破坏和侵犯。
2.3 PI3K/AKT/NFKB/MMP-9信号通路 PI3K/AKT是肿瘤侵袭的主要途径[20]。在乳腺癌中,PI3K/AKT通路发生磷酸化后通过核易位和亚基转录两种形式激活NFκB的表达,NFκB进一步促进介导MMP-9的激活,促进癌细胞粘附、分化和生长,最终导致肿瘤细胞侵袭、转移[21,22]。此外,MMP-9启动子区域具有顺式调节元件,该位点可以与NFκB结合,负反馈调控NFκB的激活,因此,NFκB介导MMP-9与乳腺癌发展密切相关。有研究表明[22],经抑制PI3K/AKT磷酸化处理后,NFκB活化受抑,其介导的MMP-9表达下降,最终抑制MMP-9介导的MDA-MB-231人乳腺癌细胞侵袭性增强,最终增加乳腺癌的侵袭和转移。目前研究认为,MMP-9经PI3K/AKT/NFκB信号通路调控高表达与增加乳腺癌细胞的转移和侵袭。
2.4 EGFR/STAT3/Akt/MMP-9信号通路 表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR),是一种跨膜糖蛋白,通过与表皮生长因子(EGF)形成激酶活性同源二聚体或异二聚体,进一步促进EGFR磷酸化,诱导下游信号转导和转录激活子(signal transducer and activator of transcription3,STAT3)发生磷酸化,进一步激活AKT磷酸化,激发的下游靶基因MMP-9呈高表达,导致促进细胞增殖,从而加速侵袭和血管生成[23]。有研究表明[24],阻断EGFR磷酸化后,STAT3磷酸化受到抑制,磷酸化的AKT水平下降,其下游MMP-9表达降低,导致乳腺癌细胞侵袭性及转移受抑。由此可见,EGFR/STAT3/AKT/MMP-9信号通路参与了乳腺癌进展的过程。
3 MMP-9 与乳腺癌预后
MMP-9在肿瘤中起发挥重要作用,其过度表达促进肿瘤进展和转移,与乳腺癌的预后密切相关[25]。有研究表明[26,27],MMP-9的高表达与具有侵袭性和转移性乳腺癌发生发展密切相关,是乳腺癌预后不良基因之一,并通过入侵、诱导血管生成和免疫调节与肿瘤相关的微环境,以增加乳腺癌的侵袭性、转移和预后不良[28]。此外,血清和尿液中MMP-9高表达与其在乳腺癌转移和预后中的关联极为密切[29]。研究提出[30,31],MMP-9通过破坏基底结构的能力膜,脱离原发肿瘤,侵入局部组织,进而参与乳腺癌的发生发展;且其与淋巴结转移、组织学分级和远处转移密切相关,在淋巴结阴性的乳腺癌患者中具有重要的预后价值。
4總结
MMP-9作为乳腺癌重要基质金属蛋白酶,可通过参与并调控多信号通路增加乳腺癌的侵袭与转移。在肿瘤局部缺氧条件下,MMP-9参与并促进血管生成,增加肿瘤的血行播散及转移;在低氧肿瘤细胞培养过程中,该因子的分泌增加引起微血管增生,进一步促进肿瘤的侵袭。目前对于MMP-9在乳腺癌侵袭与转移的机制研究有限,尚未形成统一定论,而了解MMP-9在乳腺癌中具体调控机制,有利于对乳腺癌临床预后评估指标,并有助乳腺癌患者的靶向治疗和生存率提高带来希望。
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收稿日期:2020-04-09;修回日期:2020-04-24
編辑/王海静
基金项目:1.青海省卫生计生委一般指导性课题项目(编号:2018-wjzdx-121);2.青海省科技厅应用基础研究项目(编号:2019-ZJ-7081)
作者简介:朱明明(1989.7-),女,河南禹州人,博士研究生,住院医师,主要从事血液病、肿瘤性疾病的相关研究
通讯作者:李占全(1962.6-),男,青海西宁人,硕士,博士生导师,主任医师,主要从事高原病、血液肿瘤病的相关研究