章田华
【摘要】 目的:探讨基于保护动机理论(protection motivation theory,PMT)的健康教育在妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)孕妇中的应用及对认知水平、血糖控制和妊娠结局的影响。方法:选取2018年1月-2019年6月本院收治的120例GDM孕妇,按孕妇意愿分为对照组和干预组,各60例。对照组给予产科门诊常规健康宣教,干预组给予基于PMT的健康教育。比较两组认知水平、血糖控制情况和妊娠结局。结果:干預组对GDM各方面的认知良好率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。干预组餐前30 min及餐后2 h血糖均低于对照组(P<0.05)。干预组血糖控制率为81.67%高于对照组的60.00%(P<0.05)。干预组剖宫产、早产、巨大儿、新生儿窒息及新生儿低血糖发生率均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:基于PMT健康教育有助于提高孕妇对GDM的认知,从而有效控制血糖,减少不良妊娠结局。
【关键词】 妊娠期糖尿病 保护动机理论 健康教育
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the application of health education based on protection motivation theory (PMT) in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the influence on cognitive level, blood glucose control and pregnancy outcomes. Method: A total of 120 pregnant women with GDM admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to June 2019 were selected. They were divided into control group and intervention group according to the pregnant womens wishes, with 60 cases in each group. The control group was given routine health education in obstetrics clinic, and the intervention group was given health education based on PMT. The cognitive level, blood glucose control and pregnancy outcomes of the two groups were compared. Result: The good cognition rate of all aspects of GDM in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Blood glucose at 30 min before and 2 h after meals in the intervention group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The blood glucose control rate of the intervention group was 81.67% higher than 60.00% of the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of cesarean section, premature delivery, macrosomia, neonatal asphyxia and neonatal hypoglycemia in the intervention group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Health education based on PMT is helpful to improve pregnant womens cognition of GDM, so as to effectively control blood glucose and reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes.
[Key words] Gestational diabetes mellitus Protection motivation theory Health education
First-authors address: Fuzhou Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Fuzhou 344000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2020.17.026
妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是指孕妇妊娠期间首次发生的糖耐量减退导致的暂时性糖尿病,相关研究报道GDM的发生率为1%~13%,且呈升高趋势[1-2]。GDM属于高危妊娠,目前研究已证实,孕妇高血糖状态会使妊娠不良结局增加,如妊娠早期自然流产率可达15%~30%,羊水过多、难产、产道损伤、糖尿病酮症酸中毒的发生率明显上升,孕妇生产后2型糖尿病的患病率增加3倍以上[3]。对胎儿的危害表现为巨大儿、胎儿宫内窘迫甚至胎儿畸形和死胎[4-5]。对于GDM孕妇一般无需药物治疗,主要措施在于严格控制饮食来维持血糖在正常范围内。临床普遍发现,孕妇对于GDM的认识不够深刻,存在较多误区,从而影响孕妇对于血糖的控制率[6-7]。健康教育有助于孕妇了解疾病,是临床护理的重要工作之一。但常规健康教育主要为门诊护士口头宣教或门诊知识讲座,孕妇对知识的接收度存在差异或参与的积极性不高,影响宣教效果。保护动机理论(protection motivation theory,PMT)起源于心理学,从动机的角度探讨行为,将个体的主观愿望转化成自觉意识和保护动机,促使个体选择具有保护性的有利行为[8-10]。近年来,该理论在健康教育领域得到重视和应用,在癌症、慢病中实施效果良好,或许可为GDM孕妇的健康宣教提供新的思路。本研究以GDM孕妇为研究对象,实施基于PMT的健康教育,探讨其对于孕妇认知水平、血糖控制和妊娠结局的影响,现报道如下。
提高血糖控制率是干预实施的主要目标,改善妊娠结局是干预实施的终极目标。本研究发现,干预组餐前30 min与餐后2 h血糖均低于对照组,且干预组的血糖控制率为81.67%高于对照组的60.00%(P<0.05)。干预组剖宫产、早产、巨大儿、新生儿窒息及新生儿低血糖的发生率均低于对照组(P<0.05)。这反映了基于PMT的健康教育有良好干预效果。PMT作为一种科学的理论,为个体行为的改变提供了系统的理论指导,该理论的4个方向,如强化严重性、强化易感性、提高自我效能、提高反应效能,循序渐进的促使孕妇发生思想上的转变,意识到GDM的危害性,通过案例分析强化孕妇易感性,提高自我效能,逐渐过渡到保护性的健康行为的产生。
目前PMT健康教育在GDM孕妇的应用尚处于起步阶段,杜玉[17]、陈洁等[18]研究表示,PMT健康教育可稳定GDM孕妇血糖水平,提高孕妇的自护能力,进而改善妊娠及围生儿结局。对于其他疾病的应用效果,Morowatisharifabad等[19]研究对2型糖尿病患者实施PMT健康教育,提出PMT与运动意向显著相关,可以使患者的运动锻炼意向和自我效能感明显增加了3.4倍和1.5倍。Kristoffersen等[20]研究也表示可提高冠心病患者的知识水平,降低心肌梗死再发风险。这种系统的干预理论,可提高健康教育的成效。
综上所述,基于PMT对GDM孕妇进行健康教育,效果满意,有助于提高孕妇对GDM的认知,从而有效控制血糖,减少不良妊娠结局。在今后的研究中,可将此模式扩大实施人群,应用于妊娠期高血压等高危孕妇中,进一步证实其临床效果,提供更多证据支持,为临床护理宣教工作提供新的思路和方法。
参考文献
[1] Mack L R,Tomich P G.Gestational diabetes:diagnosis,classification,and clinical care[J].Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am,2017,44(2):207-217.
[2] Chiefari E,Arcidiacono B,Foti D,et al.Gestational diabetes mellitus:an updated overview[J].J Endocrinol Invest,2017,40(9):899-909.
[3] Zhu Y,Zhang C.Prevalence of gestational diabetes and risk of progression to Type 2 Diabetes:a global perspective[J].Curr Diab Rep,2016,16(1):7.
[4]韓娜,刘珏,金楚瑶,等.2013-2017年北京市通州区34637例孕妇妊娠期糖尿病流行情况及其影响因素研究[J].中华疾病控制杂志,2019,23(2):156-161.
[5] Law K P,Zhang H.The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus:Deductions from a three-part longitudinal metabolomics study in China[J].Clin Chim Acta,2017,5(468):60-70.
[6]章敏姬,王双燕,卞咏梅,等.上海某区妊娠期糖尿病健康认知及现状调查[J].中国妇幼保健,2016,31(17):3582-3585.
[7] Spaight C,Gross J,Horsch A,et al.Gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Endocr Dev,2016,3(1):163-178.
[8] Nabizadeh S M,Taymoori P,Hazhir M S,et al.Predicting vitamin E and C consumption intentions and behaviors among factory workers based on protection motivation theory[J].Environ Health Prev Med,2018,23(1):51.
[9] Mirkarimi K,Eri M,Ghanbari M R,et al.Modifying attitude and intention toward regular physical activity using protection motivation theory:a randomized controlled trial[J].East Mediterr Health J,2017,23(8):543-550.
[10] Ruthig J C.Health risk perceptions and exercise in older adulthood:an application of protection motivation theory[J].
J Appl Gerontol,2016,35(9):939-959.
[11]刘乐桐,李玲.关于妊娠期糖尿病指南的思考[J].中国实用内科杂志,2018,38(6):519-522.
[12]苗志荣,吴红花.妊娠期糖尿病诊断与治疗研究进展[J].中国糖尿病杂志,2017,25(4):365-370.
[13] Yu Y,Xie R,Shen C,et al.Effect of exercise during pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med,2018,31(12):1632-1637.
[14]李猛,毛淑芳,刘亚梅,等.妇产科医护人员对妊娠期糖尿病及其筛查的知识及行为现状调查[J].中国健康教育,2016,32(11):1043-1045.
[15]康烁,田素斋,高俊香,等.基于保护动机理论的护理干预对糖尿病患者血糖监测的影响[J].中国护理管理,2016,16(2):242-246.
[16]韦琼,张志凯,谭春荷,等.保护动机理论在控制糖尿病足危险因素中的应用效果[J].护理研究,2016,30(2A):434-437.
[17]杜玉.基于保护动机理论的健康教育在妊娠期糖尿病患者自我护理能力中的应用研究[D].合肥:安徽医科大学,2016.
[18]陈洁,吴茜,程小霁.对妊娠期糖尿病患者基于保护动机理论的护理干预[J].护理学杂志,2017,32(6):25-27.
[19] Morowatisharifabad M A,Abdolkarimi M,Asadpour M,et al.
The predictive effects of protection motivation theory on intention and behaviour of physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Open Access Maced J Med Sci,2018,6(4):709-714.
[20] Kristoffersen A E,Sirois F M,Stub T,et al.Prevalence and predictors of complementary and alternative medicine use among people with coronary heart disease or at risk for this in the sixth Troms?study:a comparative analysis using protection motivation theory[J].BMC Complement Altern Med,2017,17(1):324.
(收稿日期:2019-11-21) (本文編辑:田婧)