裘宝林,叶立新,陈 锋,谢文远,陈征海
(1. 杭州植物园,浙江 杭州 310013; 2. 浙江凤阳山-百山祖国家级自然保护区凤阳山管理处,浙江 龙泉 323700; 3. 浙江省森林资源监测中心,浙江 杭州 310020)
荚蒾属ViburnumL.隶属于忍冬科Caprifoliaceae或五福花科Adoxaceae,全世界约有200种,主要分布于温带和亚热带地区,特别是亚洲和南美洲[1-2].我国有74种,5亚种,17变种,广泛分布于全国各省、区,尤以西南部种类最多[1].
本属植物多为蜜源植物和鸟嗜植物,多数种类有繁茂的白色小花和鲜红夺目的果实而具观赏价值,一些种类的果实可供食用或酿酒,还有一些可作药材和提取香料.
浙江荚蒾属植物较为丰富,《浙江植物志》记载有16种,3亚种,5变种,2变型[3].该志出版之后,又有一些新记录植物陆续被发现和报道[2,4-5].近年来,笔者在承担《浙江植物志》(第二版)编写任务时,对浙江的荚蒾属植物进行了系统整理和研究,发现了1个新种,同时发现1个分类群的种级地位应予恢复,2个园艺植物及其野生种的学名应按《国际植物命名法规》和《国际栽培植物命名法规》的规定进行重新命名处理.现将有关研究结果报道如下.
凤阳山荚蒾新种 图1,图2
Viburnum fengyangshanenseZ.H. Chen, P.L. Chiu et L.X. Ye, sp. nov. Fig.1, Fig.2.
This new species is similar toV.setigerumandV.erosum, but differs from the former in having young shoots, veins of abaxial leaf surfaces, petioles and stipules, inflorescences and calyx tubes all covered with purplish red glands, stellate-pubescent (vs. without purplish red glands, not stellate-pubescent), leaf blade not nigrescent or slightly dark brown when dried (vs. nigrescent or dark brown when dried); petioles with long stipules (vs. without stipules), infructescences erect (vs. nodding). It differs from the latter in having leaf blades larger, (8-11) cm×(3.5-5) cm(vs. (3-7) cm×(1.5-4) cm), with small purplish red glandular dots on abaxial surfaces (vs. without glandular dots), sparse hairy (vs. densely stellate-tomentose or adpressed long hairy only along midvein and lateral veins); petioles 6-10 mm (vs. 3-5 mm); stipules narrowly linear, separated part 6-10 mm long (vs. stipules subulate, separated part 3-6 mm long); peduncles of inflorescences 2-2.5 cm long (vs.0-2.5 cm long); fruits larger, 9-11 mm in long (vs.7-8 mm long), and glabrous when ripe (vs. sparsely stellate or hairy); pyrenes obscuely dorsal and ventral sulcus (vs. with 3 ventral and 2 dorsal shallow sulcus).
A:果枝;B:托叶;C:叶;D:冬芽;E:外层芽鳞;F:内层芽鳞;G:花;H,I:果实.
a:冬芽与芽鳞片;b:小枝与芽鳞痕;c:叶背毛被与腺体;d:叶柄与托叶;e:花序;f:花序轴毛被与腺体; g:花冠与雄蕊;h:花蕾、萼筒与花梗;i:成熟果序;j:果核与种子.
Type: China, Zhejiang(浙江), Longquan County(龙泉市), Mount. Fengyangshan(凤阳山), Fengyanghu(凤阳湖), in bush on slope, alt.1 570 m, 119°10′53.31″E, 27°52′31.00″N, 8 May 2016,Z.H.Chen(陈征海),L.X.Ye(叶立新) etS.L.Liu(刘胜龙)LQ2016001(holotype, ZM; isotypes, HTC, ZM).
落叶灌木,高1~3 m.树皮褐色,光滑;幼枝微具棱,常带紫红色,疏被上向长纤毛、星状毛和有短柄或无柄的紫红色腺毛;去年生枝圆柱形,灰褐色,无毛;冬芽紫色,长9~11 mm,宽约6 mm,芽鳞2对,第1对芽鳞长约4 mm,宽约3 mm,外面沿脊有柔毛,内面无毛;第2对芽鳞长约11 mm,宽约5 mm,外面被柔毛,边缘有蘑菇状褐色腺体,内面无毛.叶对生;叶片纸质,干后不变黑色或黑褐色,卵形或卵状椭圆形,稀椭圆形,长(5.5~)8~11 cm,宽(2.5~)3.5~5 cm,先端长渐尖,基部近圆形,边缘除基部外疏生尖锯齿,具缘毛,上面深绿色,沿脉贴生脱落性长纤毛和紫褐色腺毛,下面淡绿色,全面被淡紫红色细小腺点,沿中脉、侧脉和网脉疏被星状毛,脉腋尤密,中脉、侧脉还贴生稀疏长纤毛,近基部第1对侧脉以下区域内有少数腺体,侧脉5~7对,直达齿端,连同中脉在上面略凹陷,在下面显著凸起;叶柄紫红色,长6~10 mm,连同托叶密被星状毛、紫红色腺毛和上向长纤毛;托叶2,狭条形,基部1/3与叶柄合生,分离部分长6~10 mm,宿存.复伞形式聚伞花序被星状毛、紫红色腺毛和斜展的稀疏长纤毛,直径4~6 cm,花序总梗长2~2.5 cm,第一级辐射枝通常5条;花生于第3级辐射枝上,有梗或无梗,芳香;萼筒长约1.5 mm,被星状毛、斜展糙毛和紫红色腺毛,萼齿三角形,长约0.5 mm,先端钝尖,边缘散生紫红色腺毛;花冠白色,辐状,直径6~7 mm,无毛,裂片卵形,长约2.5 mm;雄蕊与花冠几等长,花药椭圆形;花柱略高出萼齿.果序直立;果实幼时扁卵形,被斜展糙毛,熟时红色,卵球形,长9~10 mm,光滑;核甚扁,卵圆形,长8~9 mm,宽6~7 mm,凹凸不平,无明显的背、腹沟.花期5月,果期10月.
Paratypes: Zhejiang(浙江), Longquan County(龙泉市), Mount. Fengyangshan(凤阳山), northwest slope, valley edge, side the rocks under the forest, alt.1 400 m, 31 Jul.1958,S.Y.Zhang(章绍尧)3182(PE, IBSC); the same locality, Fengyanghu(凤阳湖), in shrubbery by the gully, alt. 1 560 m, 119°10′51.41″E, 27°52′33.65″N, 8 May 2016,Z.H.Chen(陈征海),L.X.Ye(叶立新) etS.L.Liu(刘胜龙)LQ2016003(Fl., ZM); the same locality, 12 Sep. 2016,L.X.Ye(叶立新) etS.L.Liu(刘胜龙)LQ2016005(Fr., ZM); the same locality, 7 Nov. 2016,Z.H.Chen(陈征海),L.X.Ye(叶立新) etS.L.Liu(刘胜龙)LQ2016006(Fr., ZM); the same locality, 9 Mar. 2018,Z.H.Chen(陈征海),S.L.Liu(刘胜龙) etJ.S.Wang(王健生)LQ2018001(Fr., ZM); the same locality, alt.1 535 m, 13 Jun. 2018,X.F.Jin(金孝锋)4210、4211、4212、4216(HTC); Huangmaojian(黄茅尖), the lower part of the top, under the forest on the slope, alt.1 745 m, 20 Jul. 2018,Z.H.Chenet al. (陈征海等)LQFYS180720-09a,09b(ZM); Dawan(大弯), under the forest in a valley, alt.1 360 m, 21 Jul. 2018,Z.H.Chenet al. (陈征海等)LQFYS180721-03,LQFYS180721-04(ZM); Pingnan(屏南), Gaojixia(高漈下), under the forest in a valley, alt.1 420 m, 22 Sep. 2018,Z.H.Chenet al. (陈征海等)8(ZM).
本新种与饭汤子V.setigerum和宜昌荚蒾V.erosum近似,与前者的区别在于:幼枝、叶片背面脉上、叶柄及托叶、花序及萼筒等均被紫红色腺毛、星状毛(vs.无紫红色腺毛、星状毛);叶片压干后不变黑色、黑褐色(vs.干后变黑色、黑褐色),下面全面被淡紫红色细小腺点(vs.无腺点);叶柄具长托叶(vs.无托叶);果序直立(vs.弯垂).与后者的不同在于:叶片较大,长8~11 cm,宽3.5~5 cm(vs.长3~7 cm,宽1.5~4 cm),下面全面被淡紫红色细小腺点(vs.无腺点),毛被稀疏(vs.密被星状绒毛或仅沿中、侧脉及脉腋被长伏毛);叶柄长6~10 mm(vs.3~5 mm);托叶狭条形,分离部分长6~10 mm(vs.条状钻形,分离部分长3~6 mm);花序总梗长2~2.5 cm(vs.0~2.5 cm);果实较大,长9~11 mm(vs.7~8 mm),熟时无毛(vs.疏被星状毛或毛基);果核无明显的背、腹沟(vs.具3条浅腹沟和2条浅背沟).
本新种特产于龙泉凤阳山国家级自然保护区大弯、凤阳湖至黄茅尖下一带,以及屏南高漈下一带,花絮洁白,果序红艳,可供园林绿化观赏.
1953年之前,栽培品种与野生植物的命名均按《国际植物命名法规》(ICBN)处理,两者无区别.然而这是不科学的,因为栽培品种来自其原生类群中某些或个别成员随机发生的不正常现象或畸形变态,这类植物必须在人类有意识的栽培条件下才能长期维持其生存和繁衍.
1953年,《国际栽培植物命名法规》(ICNCP)第一版颁布.该法规明确,栽培植物的命名受其管理.同时,《ICBN》也明确不再受理栽培植物的命名,且有追溯既往之效(法规条款28.1).此后,一些过去按《ICBN》错误命名的栽培植物,已自动改正按《ICNCP》命名,但仍然有许多名称至今尚未予以改正.
绣球荚蒾和粉团荚蒾是2个国内外一致公认的园艺植物.长期以来,人们一直使用按《ICBN》规定所处理的名称,即ViburnummacrocephalumFortune和V.plicatumThunb.,而它们的野生种琼花荚蒾和蝴蝶荚蒾则作为种下分类等级,名称分别采用V.macrocephalumform.keteleeri(Carrière) Rehder和V.plicatumvar.tomentosum(Thunb.) Miq..
为了解决上述两种植物在命名上长期存在的不合理状况,有必要对它们进行重新命名处理,即:对野生植物按《ICBN》有关条款的规定进行命名,对园艺植物的原命名名称,其加词的命名优先权自动转按《ICNCP》有关条款的规定予以命名处理,使它们在植物学范畴上和园艺学范畴上的命名处理既符合《ICBN》,又符合《ICNCP》.
琼花荚蒾琼花、八仙花
Viburnum keteleeriCarrière in Rev.Hort.1863: 269, Fig.31.1863.
——ViburnummacrocephalumFortune form.keteleeri(Carrière) Rehder Bibl. Cult. Trees and Shrubs 603.1949; Anonymous, Icon. Cormophyt. Sin.4: 312, Fig.6038. 1975; P.S. Hsu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.72: 25, Tab.4: 1-6. 1988; Q.E. Yang et V. Malécot in C.Y. Wu, P.H. Raven et D.Y. Hong, Fl. China19: 578. 2011; R.M. Hao et Q.X. Liu in Q.X. Liu, Fl. Jiangsu4: 309, Fig.4-511. 2015.
绣球荚蒾绣球 木绣球
V. keteleeri ‘Sterile’
——ViburnummacrocephalumFortune in Journ. Hort. Soc. London2: 244. 1847, nom. illegit., pro. cv.! Anonymous, Icon. Cormophyt. Sin.4: 312. 1975; P.S. Hsu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.72: 24. 1988; Q.E. Yang et V. Malécot in C.Y. Wu, P.H. Raven et D.Y. Hong, Fl. China19: 578. 2011; R.M. Hao et Q.X. Liu in Q.X. Liu, Fl. Jiangsu4: 308. 2015.——ViburnummacrocephalumFortune var.sterileDippel Ill. Handb. Laubholzk.1: 178.1904, nom. illegit., e cv. nominat.!——ViburnummacrocephalumFortune ‘Sterile’.
蝴蝶荚蒾蝴蝶戏珠花
Viburnum thunbergianumZ.H. Chen et P.L. Chiu, nom. nov.(替代名)
——ViburnumtomentosumThunb., Syst. Veg., ed.14(J.A. Murray). 295. 1784, non Lam. in Fl. Franc.(Lamarck)3: 363. 1779, nec. Raf. in Med. Repos. New York II.5: 354. 1808, nec. Hance in J. Bot.8: 273. 1870.——ViburnumplicatumThunb. var.tomentosum(Thunb.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi2: 266. 1866, nom. illegit.; P.S. Hsu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.72: 62. 1988.——ViburnumplicatumThunb. form.tomentosum(Thunb.) Rehder, Journ. Arnold Arbor.26(1): 77. 1945, nom. illegit.; Anonymous, Icon. Cormophyt. Sin.4: 313, Fig.6040. 1975; Q.E. Yang et V. Malécot in C.Y. Wu, P.H. Raven et D.Y. Hong, Fl. China19: 594. 2011; R.M. Hao et Q.X. Liu in Q.X. Liu, Fl. Jiangsu4: 311, Fig.4-515, photo 4-107. 2015.
粉团荚蒾粉团花 雪球荚蒾
V. thunbergianum ‘Plenum’
——ViburnumplicatumThunb., Trans. Linn. Soc. London2: 332. 1794, nom. illegit., e cultigen. nominat.! Anonymous, Icon. Cormophyt. Sin.4: 313. 1975; P.S. Hsu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.72: 62. 1988; Q.E. Yang et V. Malécot in C.Y. Wu, P.H. Raven et D.Y. Hong, Fl. China19: 594. 2011; R.M. Hao et Q.X. Liu in Q.X. Liu, Fl. Jiangsu4: 310, Fig.4-514, photo 4-106. 2015.——ViburnumtomentosumThunb. form.plenumRehder in Sargent, Trees et Shrubs2(2): 108.1908, nom. illegit., e cv. nominat.!
日本珊瑚树珊瑚树 法国冬青
Viburnum awabukiK. Koch, Wochenschr. Vereines Beförd. Gartenbaues Konigl. Preuss. Staaten10: 109. 1867; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. 835, 1965; Makino, Makino’s New Illustr. Fl. Jap. 595, Fig. 2378. 1961; P.S. Hsu in Acta Phytotax. Sin.13: 113. 1975; Anonymous, Fl. Jiangsu (Second Volume) 792, Fig. 2056. 1982; B.L. Qiu et L.L. Yu in W.C. Cheng, Silva Chin.2: 1827, Fig. 930, 2. 1985; B.L. Qiu in J. Zhejiang Forest. College5(2): 137. 1988.
——V.odoratissimumKer-Gawl. var.awabuki(K. Koch) Zabel ex Rümpl., Ill. Gartenbau-Lex., ed. 3, 877. 1902; P.S. Hsu et H.J. Wang in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.72: 57, tab. 12, Fig.6-9. 1988; B.L. Qiu et G.R. Zhong in C.Z. Zheng, Fl. Zhejiang6: 136, Fig.6-171. 1993; Q.E. Yang et V. Malécot in C.Y. Wu, P.H. Raven et D.Y. Hong, Fl. China19: 590. 2011; R.M. Hao et Q.X. Liu in Q.X. Liu, Fl. Jiangsu4: 311, Fig.4-516. 2015.
本种与珊瑚树(早禾树、极香荚蒾)V.odoratissimumKer-Gawl.相近,以往国内外一些学者将其作为珊瑚树的变种,但本种小枝十分粗壮,叶片较窄,倒卵状长圆形至长圆形,厚革质,深绿色而光亮,侧脉6~8对,边缘具较规则的波状钝锯齿,叶柄长1.5~3 cm,棕褐色或古铜色,圆锥花序生于具2对叶的新枝顶,宽8~13 cm,花冠钟状,筒长3.5~4 mm,花柱圆柱状,纤细,柱头常高出萼齿,果核倒卵形或倒卵状椭圆形,染色体2n=40,自然分布于日本、韩国和我国台湾、浙江(普陀).珊瑚树小枝较为细弱,叶片较宽,倒卵形,薄革质而黯淡,侧脉4~6对,边缘具稀疏小钝齿或全缘,叶柄长0.5~1.5(~2.5) cm,淡绿色,圆锥花序宽3~6 cm,花冠近辐状,筒长约2 mm,柱头不高出萼齿,果核卵状椭圆形,染色体2n=32,自然分布于福建、湖南、广东、海南、广西及越南、泰国、缅甸、印度.珊瑚树在浙江某些地区公园时见栽培,常作绿篱.
鉴于两者形态上区别十分显著,染色体数目完全不同,地理分布区也出现分化,故恢复为种级.
致谢承蒙杭州师范大学教授金孝锋博士绘图、审阅全文并提出宝贵意见,谨致谢意.