ABSTRACT

ThePopularizationofHigherEducationinChina:ProcessandCharacteristics

XU Gaoming, WU Hui

Page 1

Abstract:The 20-year process of popularization of higher education in China from 1999 to 2019 can be divided into three stages: rapid expansion (1999-2005), quality improvement (2006-2011) and intensive development (2012-2019). Each stage has its own development priority and main tasks. The process of popularization of higher education in China presents distinctions different from those in Western countries due to different national conditions: rational decision-making based on the convergence of multiple sources; supernormal, pursuant and leap-forward development as a developing country; and a new miracle and new way in orderly, moderate and steady multiphase transformation.

Keywords:popularization of higher education; intensive development; quality of education

TransformationandUpgradingofTraditionalEngineeringDisciplinesbyIndustrialCollege

LU Yong, FANG Hailin

Page 15

Abstract:Under the new engineering vision, around the transformation and upgrading of traditional engineering disciplines, local undergraduate colleges and universities should follow the basic principles of insisting on talent training, basing on existing professional conditions, docking regional industrial development and high recognition of multi-participants, and set up industrial colleges. It is necessary to open up the joint points of the restructuring of the talent training system from four aspects: focusing on talent training goals, professional curriculum system, talent training mode and collaborative education efficiency, and gradually realize the transformation and upgrading of traditional engineering disciplines while promoting the development of industrial college.

Keywords:new engineering; industrial college; local undergraduate colleges and universities; traditional engineering disciplines

AnAnalysisofEconomicMotivationofBrainGain

CHEN Yue, HUANG Mingdong

Page 21

Abstract:To clarify the economic motivation of brain gain is an important way to reverse the brain drain and realize the brain circulation. This paper takes high-level academic talents as the research object, and makes a multiple regression analysis of the brain gain and their economic motivation. The research finds out that the impact of research funds on the brain gain is more significant than that of welfare and salary. Besides, the allocation of research funds is rigid and unreasonable; wage income lacks international competitiveness and is insufficient compared with the median of social personal income; imperfect Insurance leads to insecurity. For brain gain, it is recommended to establish a “growing funds mechanism”,“full process allocation”, and “scientific use” of scientific research funds, implement “differentiated salary” and establish a “leading salary system”, adopt an “academic scoring method”, and establish an “autonomous welfare system”.

Keywords:academic talents; brain gain; scientific research funds; staff salary system; staff welfare

“Student-centered”DoesNotMean“Student-decided”:BasedontheBroadandNarrowSensesofCollegeStudentRatingofTeaching

WANG Yinyi

Page 30

Abstract:In the past few decades, the student rating of teaching was described as “crossing the river by feeling the stones”, and some misuse and extreme applications occurred, which has led to constant doubts and disgust from teachers and students. Student rating of teaching in a broad sense can be understood as a teaching management behavior implemented by the teaching management department of colleges, and it has an objective nature. Due to the structural differences of various colleges and universities, the teaching evaluation process and results have obvious school-based characteristics. Student rating of teaching in a narrow sense can be understood as the process and result of student rating of the teaching process and effect. It is a process of subjective value judgment with obvious subjective nature. The characteristics of the students' bounded rationality and comprehensive judgment tendency determine the limitations of the evaluation scores in reflecting the quality of teaching and problem diagnosis. Therefore, “student-centered” does not necessarily mean that student rating of teaching is the basis for judging. In order to achieve the effectiveness, reliability and rationality of the results of rating of teaching, university and college administrators need to be cautious about the scores and their application in the evaluation of teachers' teaching quality.

Keywords:student rating of teaching; teaching quality; student rating of teaching; teacher-student relationship

AReviewofForeignUniversityGovernanceResearch

ZHANG Qingxiao, ZHOU Shiqi, LIU Sulan

Page 39

Abstract:In order to grasp the current research situation of foreign university governance, HistCite citation analysis software, CiteSpace and Excel software are used to analyze the relevant papers of WOS database from 2010 to 2018. The research result shows that the university governance is a hot issue concerned by foreign scholars; the amount of papers published in the United States is in the leading position; the research results of Germany have great influence in the world, and the authors of high influence are located in Canada and Australia. The core papers are mainly distributed in the United States. The research focuses are presented through four major themes including the globalization of university governance, the study of university external governance based on different theories, the evaluation and accountability of higher education, and the study of university governance from different perspectives.

Keywords:university governance; globalized education; university external governance; education evaluation

InterpretingtheDevelopmentofModernCurriculumbyFocusingonHistory:AnInterviewwithIanWestbury

M. Emir Ruzgar, (Translated by) WANG Haiying

Page 52

Abstract:During a career that spans over five decades, Ian Westbury has established himself as an important figure on curriculum and its theory. Specifically, he focuses on the German tradition of Didaktik as reflective teaching. He also examines Schwab's deliberative approach to curriculum thinking and theory. In this interview, Westbury covers a wide array of topics and issues as they relate to curriculum, its theory and history. He explains, from his perspective, how the field is conceptualized in its formative years and what happens after. He argues that Schwab's effect on the field has not widely penetrated curriculum studies. Additionally, he also touches on how he gets involved in Didaktik tradition and on the importance of assessment in the field. All in all, the present study is an attempt to examine how an experienced scholar of curriculum might interpret recent developments and present aura of curriculum by paying attention to the history that had taken it to the present. In doing so, the hope is to revitalize the matters that, the author believes, matter in the field. As such, the interview might interest scholars of curriculum in particular and of education in general.

Keywords:curriculum; curriculum theory; deliberative tradition; German tradition of Didaktik; Schwab

TheEvolutionLogicoftheStructureofBachelor′sDegreeinChinain40Years

ZHANG Xiangyun, LU Jiao

Page 60

Abstract:In the nearly 40 years since the enactment of the degree regulations, influenced by a series of factors, the structure of bachelor′s degree in China presents a trend of vertical extension and horizontal development internally, while it is increasingly in line with the international standards and international pattern externally. As the most intuitive reflection of the structure of undergraduate talent cultivation, the evolution of bachelor′s degree structure closely follows the adjustments and changes of the time and pace of undergraduate talent cultivation reform, which essentially reflects the running track of undergraduate talent cultivation reform and thus forms the path dependence inertia of the evolution. Taking “who to train” as the logical starting point, the evolution of the bachelor′s degree structure is based on the talent cultivation orientation of “elite” or “mass” advocated by different development periods of higher education and constructs the bachelor′s degree framework marked by academic and diversified characteristics respectively. Taking “talent cultivation structure dynamic adjustment” as the logical mainline, the structure of bachelor's degree has formed a multi-type structure of bachelor′s degree that is composed of various forms of academic education and various forms of degrees, together with a professional structure of academic discipline that is increasingly in line with the industrial structure of the market economy, a layout structure of awarded academic degree that is coordinated with regional economic development, and a structure of balanced quantity in degree granting of different types of bachelor′s degree education. Taking “talent training quality requirements” as its logical destination, the structure of bachelor′s degree carries out the qualification assessment of academic degree authorization, constructs the three-level bachelor degree management system, ensures the quality of talent cultivation from the process of bachelor degree granting, and also promotes the adjustment and optimization of the bachelor degree structure itself.

Keywords:bachelor′s degree structure; talent cultivation; discipline structure; talent quality

TenYearsofDevelopment:Characteristics,ChallengesandReformsofDoctorofEducation(Ed.D.)inChina

WU Min, YAO Yun

Page 75

Abstract:After ten years of development, the professional degree of doctor of education (Ed.D) in China shows the following characteristics. The active exploration of cultivation mode in universities and the national power jointly promote the development of Ed.D. Based on the principle of “pilot first and progressive development”, the enrollment scale of Ed.D. of university is characterized by imbalance. However, Ed.D. still faces many challenges, such as the rapid growth of degree authorized units, the rapid expansion of enrollment scale, the sufficient source of students, and the convergence of professional doctor and academic doctor training mode. In order to promote the sustainable development and quality improvement of the professional degree of doctor of education, the reform measures are as follows: cautiously increasing authorized units and appropriately expanding the enrollment scale of units; implementing the differentiated marking of professional direction in foreign language examination results; focusing on the quality, highlighting the characteristics of professional degree in the training program; and establishing the “academic tutor+practical tutor” tutor group.

Keywords:Ed.D.; professional degree; personnel cultivation; postgraduate enrollment; education quality

TheHistory,StructureandFunctionoftheAssociationforInstitutionalResearchintheUnitedStates

LI Mingzhong, YANG Lina

Page 84

Abstract:The establishment of the Association for Institutional Research(AIR)in 1965 is the significant symbol and main organizational force of the specialization and institutionalization of American institutional research. During the past nearly 60 years, AIR has gradually formed a professional organization with the board of directors, executive office, committees and affiliated organizations, and carried out the operation model of voluntary leadership and professional governance. AIR has played an active role in promoting the professional development of institutional research, providing data-supporting and scientific decision-making for higher education, and advancing the professional development of its members. Actually, AIR has become the authoritative leader and primary practitioner of institutional research in America and even around the world. Exploring the history, organizational structure and function of AIR can provide important references for the specialization and institutionalization of Chinese institutional research.

Keywords:Association for Institutional Research(AIR); institutional research; data for higher education; decision-making for higher education

TheDevelopmentofInternationalFacultyatUCI

DU Ning, HE Fang

Page 97

Abstract:The development of international faculty is an important part in the process of internationalization of universities and a strategic response to the challenges of globalization. UCI (University of California, Irvine) has been among the world′s top universities in less than 60 years through the formulation of international strategies, the development of international activities, and the creation of international culture. It is worthy of imitation and reference by universities in developing countries. In terms of strategy, the university actively builds its international faculty from three aspects including expansion strategy, excellence strategy and cooperation strategy. In terms of activities, the university has cultivated an international faculty by building an international curriculum system and actively promoting the international engagement of faculty. In terms of culture, the university attaches importance to the building of campus culture, creating a multicultural and innovative environment and highlighting the international cultural atmosphere.

Keywords:UCI; faculty; internationalization of universities; internalization

EngineeringEthicsEducationforEngineersinAmericanUniversities

WANG Yuanxu, BIE Birong

Page 107

Abstract:Engineering ethics education has become an important way to improve American engineers' ethical literacy and social responsibility. Since the beginning of 20thcentury, engineering ethics education in the United States has gone through three stages: infantry, expansion and maturity, which tends to be perfected in the aspects of system pattern, curriculum model and method system of engineering ethics education, showing new situation characteristics. The attention of modern engineering activities to technical ethics, interest ethics and responsibility ethics has shaped the core discourse position of engineering ethics education in the process of training professional engineers. However, in the process of promoting the integration and innovation of engineering and technology, industry 4.0 also intensifies the complexity of modern engineering, forms an engineering practice environment full of moral challenges. As a result, the role of engineers is becoming more and more complex and diverse. Therefore, engineering ethics education in American universities must innovate in practice, seeking development and change from the aspects of goal, content and method, so as to promote the cultivation of American engineers.

Keywords:American universities; engineering ethics education; engineer; technology ethics; modern engineering